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- Herausgeber: Packt Publishing
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
Began as a message board, Drupal today is open source software maintained and developed by a community of over 1,000,000 users and developers. Drupal is used by numerous local businesses to global corporations and diverse organizations all across the globe. With Drupal 8’s exciting features it brings, this book will be your go-to guide to experimenting with all of these features through helpful recipes.
We’ll start by showing you how to customize and configure the Drupal environment as per your requirements, as well as how to install third-party libraries and then use them in the Drupal environment. Then we will move on to creating blocks and custom modules with the help of libraries. We will show you how to use the latest mobile-first feature of Drupal 8, which will help you make your apps responsive across all the major platforms. This book will also show you how to incorporate multilingual facilities in your sites, use web services and third-party plugins with your applications from inside Drupal 8, and test and deploy your apps.
Das E-Book können Sie in Legimi-Apps oder einer beliebigen App lesen, die das folgende Format unterstützen:
Seitenzahl: 386
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2017
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Second Edition
BIRMINGHAM - MUMBAI
Drupal 8 Development Cookbook
Second Edition
Copyright © 2017 Packt Publishing
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews.
Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy of the information presented. However, the information contained in this book is sold without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the author, nor Packt Publishing, and its dealers and distributors will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by this book.
Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of the companies and products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals. However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information.
First published: March 2016
Second edition: September 2017
Production reference: 1210917
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Credits
Author
Matt Glaman
Copy Editor
Dhanya Baburaj
Reviewer
Tracy Charles Smith
Project Coordinator
Ritika Manoj
Commissioning Editor
Amarabha Banerjee
Proofreader
Safis Editing
Acquisition Editor
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Indexer
Rekha Nair
ContentDevelopmentEditor
Mohammed Yusuf Imaratwale
Graphics
Jason Monteiro
Technical Editors
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Production Coordinator
Shantanu Zagade
About the Author
Matt Glaman is a Senior Drupal Consultant at Commerce Guys and co-maintainer of Drupal Commerce. He is an open source developer who has been working with Drupal since 2013. Since then, he has contributed to over 60 community project.
About the Reviewer
Tracy Charles Smith began working with computers at the age of 10. His background includes network support, web development, customer service, project management, and financial management.
Tracy's entrepreneurial spirit is a key component to his success in interacting with clients and team members on business and user-experience related technology solutions. In fact, he used that passion to found his own technology-consulting firm called Alpha Geek Tech, LLC. He also served as Technology Director for Quiddities Dev., Inc., in Santa Cruz, CA, before moving back to the DC area to join Phase2 in 2010 as a Senior Programmer. Tracy now works as a Senior Project Manager at Phase2 supporting Growth & Support clients in government and private enterprise. His diverse development background complements his project management skills.
Tracy was also the lead programmer and architect for 12seconds.tv in 2007 (a video messaging platform), which leveraged Drupal. He also authored Drupal Intranets with Open Atrium. He earned a BS in Computer Information Systems and Business Administration from Wingate University.
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Table of Contents
Preface
What this book covers
What you need for this book
Who this book is for
Sections
Getting ready
How to do it…
How it works…
There's more…
See also
Conventions
Reader feedback
Customer support
Downloading the example code
Errata
Piracy
Questions
Up and Running with Drupal 8
Introduction
Installing Drupal
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Creating a database user and a database
Database prefixes
Downloading and installing with Drush
Using Composer to create a Drupal site
Security updates
See also
Using a distribution with Drupal
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Makefiles
Installing with Drush
Using Composer
See also...
Installing modules and themes
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
Discovering modules and themes
Module installation
Theme installation
There's more...
Installing a module or theme using Composer
Installing a module with Drush
Uninstalling a module
See also
Using multisites in Drupal 8
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Security concerns
Domain aliases
See also...
Tools for setting up an environment
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Acquia Dev Desktop
XAMPP + Bitnami
Kalabox
See also
Running tests - Simpletest and PHPUnit
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Is run-tests a shell script?
Running tests without Drupal installed
Running specific tests
PhpStorm - Drupal Test Runner
DrupalCI
See also...
The Content Authoring Experience
Introduction
Configuring the WYSIWYG editor
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Filter module
Improved links
CKEditor plugins
See also
Adding and editing content
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Save as draft
Pathauto
Bulk moderation
See also
Creating a menu and linking content
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Managing a contents menu link from its form
Providing inline editing
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
The outside-in approach
Creating a custom content type
How to do it...
How it works...
Applying new Drupal 8 core field types
Getting ready
How to do it...
Link
The Email field
The Telephone field
The Date field
The Entity Reference field
How it works...
There's more...
Upcoming updates
Views and Entity Reference
See also
Customizing the form display of a node
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Managing form display modes
Programmatically providing a default to hidden form items
See also
Customizing the display output of a node
How to do it...
How it works...
Displaying Content through Views
Introduction
Listing content
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Views in Drupal core initiative
Views and displays
Format style plugins - style and row
Using the Embed display
See also
Editing the default admin interfaces
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Exposed versus non-exposed
Filter identifiers
Overriding routes with Views
Creating a block from a View
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Exposed forms as blocks
See also
Utilizing dynamic arguments
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Previewing with contextual filters
Displaying as a tab on the user page
Altering the page title
Validation
Multiple and exclusion
Adding a relationship in a View
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Relationships provided by entity reference fields
Relationships provided through custom code
Using aggregation and views.
Providing an Entity Reference result View
How to do it...
How it works...
See also
Extending Drupal
Introduction
Creating a module
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Module namespaces
Module discovery locations
Defining a package group
Module dependencies
Specifying the module's version
See also...
Defining a custom page
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Parameters in routes
Validating parameters in routes
Route requirements
Providing dynamic routes
Altering existing routes
See also
Defining permissions
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Restrict access flag for permissions
Defining permissions programmatically
Checking whether a user has permissions
Providing the configuration on the installation or update
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Configuration subdirectories
Modifying the existing configuration on installation
See also
Creating an event subscriber
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Using dependency injection
See also
Using Features 3.0
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Suggested feature modules
Features bundles
Managing the configuration state of Features
See also
Frontend for the Win
Introduction
Creating a custom theme based on Classy
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Theme screenshots
Themes, logos, and favicons
Base themes and shared resources
CKEditor style sheets
See also
Using the new asset management system
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
CSS groups
Library asset options
Library dependencies
Overriding and extending other libraries
Using a CDN or external resource as a library
Manipulating libraries from hooks
Placing JavaScript in the header
See also
Twig templating
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Security first
Theme hook suggestions
Debugging template file selection and hook suggestions
The Twig logic and operators
See also
Using the Breakpoint module
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Caveat for providing breakpoints from themes
Accessing breakpoints programmatically
Multipliers
See also
Using the Responsive Image module
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Performance first delivery
Removing picturefill polyfill
See also
Creating Forms with the Form API
Introduction
Creating a form
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Form element definitions
The form state
The form cache
See also
Using new HTML5 elements
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Specific element properties
Creating new elements
See also
Validating form data
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Multiple validation handlers
Accessing multidimensional array values
Element validation methods
Processing submitted form data
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Multiple submit handlers
See also
Altering other forms
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Adding additional validate handlers
Adding additional submit handlers
Plug and Play with Plugins
Introduction
Creating blocks using plugins
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Altering blocks
Block settings forms
Defining access to a block
See also
Creating a custom field type
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Altering field types
Defining whether a field is empty
See also
Creating a custom field widget
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Field widget settings and summary
See also
Creating a custom field formatter
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Formatter settings and summary
See also
Creating a custom plugin type
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Specifying an alter hook
Using a cache backend
Accessing plugins through the manager
See also
Multilingual and Internationalization
Introduction
Translating administrative interfaces
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Manually installing language files
Checking translation status
Exporting translations
Interface translation permissions
Using interface translation to customize default English strings
Interface text language detection
Providing translations for a custom module
See also
Translating configuration
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Altering configuration translation info definitions
Translating views
See also
Translating content
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works
There's more...
Flagging translations as outdated
Translating content links
Defining translation handlers for entities
See also
Creating multilingual views
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Translating exposed form items and filters
Translating display and row format items
Translating page display menu items
See also
Configuration Management - Deploying in Drupal 8
Introduction
Importing and exporting configurations
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Configuration dependencies
Saving to a YAML file for a module's configuration installation
Configuration schemas
See also
Synchronizing site configurations
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Universally Unique Identifier
A synchronization folder
Installing a configuration from a new site
Using command-line workflow processes
Getting ready...
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Drush config-pull
Using the Drupal Console
Editing the configuration from the command line
Exporting a single configuration item
Using version control and command-line workflow
See also
Updating and installing new module configurations
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
The Configuration Development module
See also
The Entity API
Introduction
Creating a configuration entity type
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Available data types for schema definitions
See also
Creating a content entity type
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Using the AdminHtmlRouteProvider provider
Making the collection route a local task tab
See also
Creating a bundle for a content entity type
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Provide action links for adding new bundles
See also
Implementing custom access control for an entity
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Controlling access to entity fields
See also
Providing a custom storage handler
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Utilizing a different storage backend for an entity
See also
Creating a route provider
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
The Entity API module provides additional providers
See also
Off the Drupalicon Island
Introduction
Implementing and using a third-party JavaScript library
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Best practices for handling external libraries
See also
Implementing and using a third-party CSS library
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
See also
Implementing and using a third-party PHP library
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
See also
Web Services
Introduction
Enabling RESTful interfaces
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Using _format instead of the Accept header
RestResource plugin to expose data through RESTful Web Services
Rate limiting your API
Using the HAL format
See also
Using POST to create data
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Using HAL and understanding _links requirements
Working with images
Using Cross-Site Request Forgery tokens
See also
Using PATCH to update data
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works…
Using Views to provide custom data sources
How to do it…
How it works
There's more...
Controlling the key name in JSON output
Controlling access to RESTful Views
Authentication
Getting ready
How to do it
How it works
There's more…
Authentication provider services
Page cache request policies and authenticated Web service requests
The IP Authentication provider
See also
Using JSON API
Getting ready
How to do it
How it works...
There's more...
Paginating, filtering, and sorting requests
Installing the JSON API Extras module
Changing the API path prefix
Disabling and enhancing returned entity fields
Contenta CMS
See also
The Drupal CLI
Introduction
Rebuilding cache in Drupal Console or Drush
How to do it…
How it works…
See also
Using Drush to interact with the database
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more…
Using gzip with sql-dump
Using Console to interact with the database
Using Drush to manage users
How to do it…
How it works…
There's more…
Advanced user-login use cases
Using Drupal Console
Scaffolding code through Console
Getting ready
How to do it…
How it works…
Making a Drush command
Getting ready
How to do it…
How it works…
There's more…
Specifying the level of Drupal's bootstrap
See also
Making a Console command
Getting ready
How to do it…
How it works…
There's more…
Using a Console command to create entities
See also
Preface
Drupal is a content management system used to build websites for small businesses, e-commerce, enterprise systems, and much more. Created by over 4,500 contributors, Drupal 8 provides many new features to Drupal. Whether you are new to Drupal, or an experienced Drupalista, Drupal 8 Development Cookbook contains recipes to dive into what Drupal 8 has to offer.
What this book covers
Chapter 1, Up and Running with Drupal 8, begins by covering the requirements for running Drupal 8 and going through the installation process and extending Drupal.
Chapter 2, The Content Authoring Experience, dives into the content management experience in Drupal, including working with the newly bundled CKEditor.
Chapter 3, Displaying Content through Views, explores how to use Views to create different ways to list and display your content in Drupal.
Chapter 4,Extending Drupal, introduces how to write a module for Drupal, the building blocks of functionality in Drupal.
Chapter 5, Frontend for the Win, covers how to create a theme, work with the new templating system Twig, and harness Drupal’s responsive design features.
Chapter 6, Creating Forms with the Form API, explains how to work with Drupal’s Form API to create custom forms for collecting data.
Chapter 7, Plug and Play with Plugins, introduces plugins, one of the newest components in Drupal. This chapter walks through developing the plugin system to work with fields.
Chapter 8, Multilingual and Internationalization, introduces the features provided by Drupal 8 to create an internationalized website, supporting multiple languages for content and administration.
Chapter 9, Configuration Management - Deploying in Drupal 8, explains the configuration management system, new to Drupal 8, and how to import and export site configurations.
Chapter 10, The Entity API, dives into the Entity API in Drupal, allowing you to create custom configuration and content entities.
Chapter 11, Off the Drupalicon Island, explains how Drupal allows embracing the mantra of "proudly built elsewhere" and including third-party libraries with your Drupal site.
Chapter 12, Web Services, shows how to turn your Drupal 8 site into a web services API provider through a RESTful interface.
Chapter 13, The Drupal CLI, explores working with Drupal 8 through two command-line tools created by the Drupal community: Drush and Drupal Console.
What you need for this book
In order to work with Drupal 8, and to run the code examples found in this book, the following software will be required:
Web server software stack:
Web server: Apache (recommended), Nginx, or Microsoft IIS
Database: MySQL 5.5 or MariaDB 5.5.20 or higher
PHP: PHP 5.5.9 or higher
The first chapter details all of these requirements, and includes a recipe highlighting an out-of-the-box development server setup.
You will also need a text editor; the following is a suggestion of popular editors and IDEs:
Atom.io editor,
https://atom.io/
Visual Code Studio,
https://code.visualstudio.com/
PHPStorm (specific Drupal integration),
https://www.jetbrains.com/phpstorm/
Vim with Drupal configuration,
https://www.drupal.org/project/vimrc
Your operating system’s default text editor or command-line file editors
Who this book is for
This book is for those have been working with Drupal, such as site builders, backend and frontend developers, and who are eager to see what awaits them when they start using Drupal 8.
Sections
In this book, you will find several headings that appear frequently (Getting ready, How to do it, How it works, There's more, and See also).
To give clear instructions on how to complete a recipe, we use these sections as follows:
Getting ready
This section tells you what to expect in the recipe, and describes how to set up any software or any preliminary settings required for the recipe.
How to do it…
This section contains the steps required to follow the recipe.
How it works…
This section usually consists of a detailed explanation of what happened in the previous section.
There's more…
This section consists of additional information about the recipe in order to make the reader more knowledgeable about the recipe.
See also
This section provides helpful links to other useful information for the recipe.
Reader feedback
Feedback from our readers is always welcome. Let us know what you think about this book-what you liked or disliked. Reader feedback is important for us as it helps us develop titles that you will really get the most out of.
To send us general feedback, simply e-mail [email protected], and mention the book's title in the subject of your message.
If there is a topic that you have expertise in and you are interested in either writing or contributing to a book, see our author guide at www.packtpub.com/authors .
Customer support
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Downloading the example code
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The code bundle for the book is also hosted on GitHub at https://github.com/PacktPublishing/Drupal-8-Development-Cookbook-Second-Edition. We also have other code bundles from our rich catalog of books and videos available at https://github.com/PacktPublishing/. Check them out!
Errata
Although we have taken every care to ensure the accuracy of our content, mistakes do happen. If you find a mistake in one of our books-maybe a mistake in the text or the code-we would be grateful if you could report this to us. By doing so, you can save other readers from frustration and help us improve subsequent versions of this book. If you find any errata, please report them by visiting http://www.packtpub.com/submit-errata, selecting your book, clicking on the Errata Submission Form link, and entering the details of your errata. Once your errata are verified, your submission will be accepted and the errata will be uploaded to our website or added to any list of existing errata under the Errata section of that title.
To view the previously submitted errata, go to https://www.packtpub.com/books/content/support and enter the name of the book in the search field. The required information will appear under the Errata section.
Piracy
Piracy of copyrighted material on the Internet is an ongoing problem across all media. At Packt, we take the protection of our copyright and licenses very seriously. If you come across any illegal copies of our works in any form on the Internet, please provide us with the location address or website name immediately so that we can pursue a remedy.
Please contact us at [email protected] with a link to the suspected pirated material.
We appreciate your help in protecting our authors and our ability to bring you valuable content.
Questions
If you have a problem with any aspect of this book, you can contact us at [email protected], and we will do our best to address the problem.
Up and Running with Drupal 8
In this chapter, we will get introduced to Drupal 8 and cover the following recipes:
Installing Drupal
Using a distribution with Drupal
Installing modules and themes
Using multisites in Drupal 8
Tools for setting up an environment
Running tests: Simpletest and PHPUnit
Introduction
This chapter will kick off with an introduction to installing a Drupal 8 site. We will walk through Drupal's interactive installer. We will cover installing Drupal using a command-line tool called Drush. Drupal provides two installation types: standard and minimal. Throughout this book, we will use the standard installation.
Once we have installed our Drupal 8 site, we will cover the basics of extending Drupal. We will discuss using distributions and installing contributed projects, such as modules and themes. We will also include uninstalling modules, as the process for uninstalling modules has changed in Drupal 8.
This book will involve a hands-on example for working with Drupal 8, and this chapter will provide information on setting up a local development environment. This chapter will also provide recipes on how to set up a Multisite installation in Drupal 8 and run the available test suites.
Before we get started, you should install Composer. Composer is the de facto package management tool for PHP. In case you are unfamiliar with Composer, it is just like using Gems for Ruby, npm for Node.js, and Bower for frontend libraries. Go to the Composer documentation to learn how to install Composer globally on your system:
Linux / Unix / macOS:
https://getcomposer.org/doc/00-intro.md#installation-linux-unix-osx
Windows:
https://getcomposer.org/doc/00-intro.md#installation-windows
Installing Drupal
There are many different methods to download Drupal and install it. In this recipe, we will focus on downloading Drupal from https://www.drupal.org/ and setting it up on a basic Linux, Apache, MySQL, or PHP (LAMP) server.
In this recipe, we will set up the files for Drupal 8 and step through the installation process.
Getting ready
Before we start, you will need a development environment that meets the new system requirements for Drupal 8:
Apache 2.0 (or higher) or Nginx 1.1 (or higher) web server
PHP 5.5.9 or higher, but PHP 5.6 or PHP 7 is recommended, as PHP 5.5 has reached its end-of-life support
MySQL 5.5 or MariaDB 5.5.20 for your database
Access to upload or move files to the server
While a default installation of PHP
will
work with Drupal, it does require certain PHP extensions, such as mbstring. Check out
https://www.drupal.org/requirements/php
for up-to-date
requirement
information.
We will download Drupal 8 and place its files in your web server's document root. This is the /var/www folder. If you used a tool, such as XAMPP, WAMP, or MAPP, consult the proper documentation to know your document root.
For full system requirements for Drupal 8, check out https://www.drupal.org/docs/8/system-requirements/. The Drupal.org documentation is currently being migrated. Also, review the Drupal 7 requirements page on https://www.drupal.org/docs/7/system-requirements/overview, which highlights Drupal 8 items, as well.
How to do it...
We need to follow these steps to install Drupal 8:
First, we will need to navigate to
https://www.drupal.org/download
and download the latest release of Drupal 8.x. You can find the most recent and recommended release on the
https://www.drupal.org/project/drupal
page for Drupal 8 (8.3.1, 8.4.0, and so on). Extract the archive and place the files in your document root as the
drupal8
folder
:
Open your browser and visit your web server, for example,
http://localhost/drupal8
, which will then take you to the Drupal installation wizard. You will land on the new multilingual options install screen. Select your language and click on
Save and continue
:
On the next screen, select the default
Standard
option for the installation profile. This will provide us with a standard configuration with the most commonly used modules installed.
The next step will verify your system requirements. If your system does not have any reportable issues, the screen will be skipped. If you do have any requirement conflicts, you can resolve them and click on the button to try again.
Enter the database information for Drupal. In most cases, you will only need to supply the username, password, and database name and leave others as defaults. If your database does not exist, the installer will attempt to create the database:
Your Drupal 8 site will begin installing. When it is done installing the base modules, you will be taken to a site configuration screen.
The configure site form provides the base configuration for your Drupal site. Enter your site name and the email address for the site. The site email will be used to send administrative notifications and has the originating email for outgoing emails from the Drupal site. This form allows you to set regional information regarding the country and time zone of the site. Setting the timezone ensures that time values display correctly.
Fill in the site maintenance account information, also known as user 1, which acts in a similar way to the root on Unix-based systems. The site maintenance account is crucial. As stated, this acts as the first user and is given the user ID of 1. In Drupal, the user with the user ID of 1 often can bypass permission checks automatically and have global access.
Enter the site's regional information, and check whether the site should check for updates available for modules enabled and Drupal itself. By checking for updates automatically, your site will report anonymous usage statistics to
Drupal
along with providing a summary of your version status. You have the option to also opt-in for the site to email you notifications of new releases, including security releases.
When the information is satisfied, click on
Save and continue
, and congratulations, you installed Drupal! The next screen will provide you a link to your installed Drupal site.
How it works...
The Drupal installation process will provide a Drupal installation for the selected language and install modules and configuration based on the installation profile (standard or minimal in this recipe.)
When you visit the installer, it reads the language code from the browser. With this language code, it will then select a supported language. If you choose a non-English installation, the translation files will be automatically downloaded from https://localize.drupal.org/. Previous versions of Drupal did not support automated multilingual installs. More on multilingual will be covered in Chapter 8, Multilingual and Internationalization.
The installation profile instructs Drupal what modules to install by default. Contributed install profiles are termed distributions; we will discuss this more in the next recipe.
When verifying requirements, Drupal checks application versions and PHP configurations. For example, if your server has the PHP Xdebug (https://xdebug.org) extension installed, the minimum max_nesting_level must be 256 or else Drupal will not be installed (https://www.drupal.org/node/2393531).
There's more...
The Drupal installation process is straightforward, but there are a few things worth discussing.
Creating a database user and a database
As mentioned earlier, to install Drupal, you will need to have access to a database server (or the ability to create one) and an existing database (or the ability to create one). This process will depend on your environment setup.
If you are working with a hosting provider, there is more than likely a web-based control panel. This should allow you to create databases and users. Refer to your hosting provider's documentation for more information on this topic.
If you are using phpMyAdmin (https://www.phpmyadmin.net/) on your server, often installed by MAMP, WAMP, and XAMPP, and have root access, you can create your databases and users by following these steps:
Sign in to phpMyAdmin as the root user.
Click on
Add a new User
from the bottom of the privileges page.
Fill in the user's information.
Select to create a database for the user with all privileges granted.
You can now use that user's information to connect Drupal to your database.
If you do not have a user interface but have a command-line access, you can set up your database and user using the MySQL command line. These instructions can be found in the core/INSTALL.mysql.txt file. From the command line of your site, perform the following:
Log in to MySQL:
$ mysql -u username -p
Create the database; you will use the following command to create the
my_database
database:
$ CREATE DATABASE my_database CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci;
Create a new user to access the database:
$ CREATE USER username@localhost IDENTIFIED BY 'password';
Grant the new user permissions on the database, as follows:
$ GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, CREATE, DROP, INDEX, ALTER, CREATE TEMPORARY TABLES ON databasename.* TO 'username'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'password';
Database prefixes
Drupal, like other content management systems, allows you to prefix its database tables from the database set-up form. This prefix will be placed before table names to help make them unique. Although it is not recommended, this would allow multiple installations to share one database. Utilizing table prefixes can, however, provide some level of security through obscurity since the tables will not be their default names:
Downloading and installing with Drush
You may also install Drupal using the PHP command-line tool, Drush. Drush is a command-line tool created by the Drupal community and must be installed if you wish to use it. Drush is covered in Chapter 13, The Drupal CLI.
The pm-download command will download packages from Drupal.org. The site-install command will allow you to specify an installation profile and other options to install a Drupal site. The installation steps in this recipe could be run through Drush, as follows:
$ cd /path/to/web
$ drush pm-download drupal-8 drupal8
$ cd drupal8
$ drush site-install standard -locale=en-US --account-name=admin --account-pass=admin [email protected] -db-url=mysql://user:pass@localhost/database
We used Drush to download the latest Drupal 8 and place it in a folder named drupal8. Then, the site-install command instructs Drush to use the standard install profile, configure the maintenance account, and provide a database URI string so that Drupal can connect to its database.
Using Composer to create a Drupal site
You can download Drupal using Composer, the de facto PHP package manager. The preferred method is to use the Drupal Composer project template provided by the community.
To build your Drupal 8 site, run the following commands:
$ cd /path/to/document/root
$ composer create-project drupal-composer/drupal-project drupal8 --stability dev
Wait for the commands to finish--it may take some time, as it downloads all the required dependencies. You can feel free to grab a coffee (the first time takes a while; it primes caches. Have faith, it will be much faster the next time.)
When finished, you will find a different directory structure inside your drupal8 directory. The vendor directory contains all third-party PHP libraries, and the web directory contains your Drupal 8 site. You will need to modify your web server to use the web directory as the new docroot within your drupal8 directory.
The project and its details can be found at https://github.com/drupal-composer/drupal-project, along with its full documentation.
Security updates
If you choose to disable the update options, you will have to check manually for module upgrades. While most upgrades are for bug fixes or features, some are for security updates. It is highly recommended that you subscribe to the Drupal security team's updates. These updates are available on Twitter at @drupalsecurity (https://twitter.com/drupalsecurity) or the feeds onhttps://www.drupal.org/security.
See also
For more on multilingual, check out
Chapter 8
,
Multilingual and Internationalization
For more on using the command line and Drupal,
check out
Chapter 13
,
The Drupal CLI
Check out
the
Drupal.org
handbook on installing Drupal at
https://www.drupal.org/documentation/install
Check out
the Drupal.org handbook that discusses Drupal 8 and Composer at
https://www.drupal.org/docs/develop/using-composer/using-composer-with-drupa
l
Check out more information on Drush site install at
https://drushcommands.com/drush-8x/core/site-install/
Using a distribution with Drupal
Why would you want to use a distribution? A distribution is a contributed installation profile that is not provided by Drupal core. Distributions provide a specialized version of Drupal with specific installed modules and themes along with specific configurations (content types, and blocks.) On Drupal.org, when you download an installation profile, it not only includes the profile and its modules but a version of Drupal core, hence the name distribution. You can find a list of all Drupal distributions at https://www.drupal.org/project/project_distribution.
How to do it...
We will follow these steps to download a distribution to use as a customized version of Drupal 8:
Download a distribution from
Drupal.org
. For this recipe, let's use the Demo Framework provided by Acquia at
https://www.drupal.org/project/df
.
Select the recommended version for the 8.x branch.
Extract the folder contents to your web server's document root--you'll note that there is Drupal core; within the
profiles
folder, there's the installation profile's folder--
df
.
Due to current Drupal.org packaging limitations, there is a manual step that you will need to run in order to install additional dependencies. Run the following command using your terminal inside of the extracted contents:
$ composer require "commerceguys/intl: ~0.7" "commerceguys/addressing: ~1.0" "commerceguys/zone: ~1.0" "embed/embed: ~2.2
Install Drupal as you would normally, by navigating to your Drupal site in your browser.
Follow the installation instructions in the site to install the distribution.
How it works...
Installation profiles work by including additional modules that are part of the contributed project realm or custom modules. The profile will then define them as dependencies to be installed with Drupal. When you select an installation profile, you are instructing Drupal to install a set of modules on installation.
Demo Framework declares itself as an exclusive installation profile. Distributions that declare this are automatically selected and assumed to be the default installation option. The exclusive flag was added with Drupal 7.22 to improve the experience of using a Drupal distribution (http://drupal.org/node/1961012).
There's more...
Distributions provide a specialized version of Drupal with specific feature sets, but there are a few items worth discussing.
Makefiles
The current standard for generating a built distribution is the utilization of Drush and makefiles. Makefiles allow a user to define a specific version of Drupal core and other projects (such as themes, modules, and third-party libraries) that will make up a Drupal code base. It is not a dependency management workflow, like Composer, but is a build tool.
If you take a look at the Demo Framework's profile folder, you will see drupal-org.make and drupal-org-core.make. These are parsed by the Drupal.org packager to compile the code base and package it as a .zip or .tar.gz, like the one you downloaded.
Installing with Drush
As discussed in the first recipe'sThere's more...section, you can install a Drupal site through the Drush command-line tool. You can instruct Drush to use a specific installation profile by providing it as the first argument.
The following command would install the Drupal 8 site using the Demo Framework:
$ cd /path/to/drupal8
$ drush pm-download df
$ drush site-install df -db-url=mysql://user:pass@localhost/database
Using Composer
Currently, Drupal.org does not package distributions using Composer, which is why there was an extra step to add dependencies when installing the distribution. Many distributions provide project templates to make scaffolding projects simpler.
For example, the following command will set up a Demo Framework site with docroot as the directory for the web server document root, which contains Drupal 8:
$ composer create-project acquia/df-project df
The project template is available on Acqua's GitHub at https://github.com/acquia/df-project/.
Another distribution, Open Social, provides a template of its own:
$ composer create-project goalgorilla/social_template
The project template is available at https://github.com/goalgorilla/social_template.
