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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
- Serie: Positive Psychology and Well-Being
- Sprache: Englisch
How the pioneering co-founder of the field of positive psychology can help us navigate our increasingly complicated world
Over the years since Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi first published Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience, the field of positive psychology has become a rigorous, evidence-based discipline. Dr. Csikszentmihalyi’s pioneering work on “flow,” a state in which one is completely absorbed in a task or activity, continues to make lasting, positive impacts on individuals, groups, organizations, and societies around the world.
In Flow 2.0, authors Stewart I. Donaldson and Matthew Dubin show us how their colleague’s and mentor’s contributions can be extended to improve our lives in 2024 and beyond. With an accessible and engaging narrative, the authors share what they have learned about flow over two decades of empirical research and provide a new framework designed to help us be fully engaged in our lives and flourish in complex and dynamic environments.
Seven concise chapters explore ways the world has changed since the concept of flow was first developed, introduce the basics of flow and optimal experience, examine how we in our complex social and work lives, identify the essential role of flow in the PERMA+4 framework for work-related well-being and performance, and more.
Addressing modern life contexts such as the hybrid world of work and the increasingly digital future of society, Flow 2.0: Optimal Experience in a Complex World is a must-read for all those seeking to improve their own lives and the lives of those around them.
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Seitenzahl: 226
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2024
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Table of Contents
Cover
Table of Contents
Series page
Title Page
Copyright Page
About the Authors
Preface
Passings: Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, the ‘Father of Flow,’ 1934–2021
Reactions: On‐Campus & Beyond
Early Years, Move to Claremont
“Flow,” Innovations, Publications, & Awards
1 The New Science and Practice of Positive Psychology
The Evidence Base
PERMA and PERMA+4 Frameworks
Flow 2.0, Optimal Experience, and Beyond
References
Part I: What Mihaly Taught Us About Flow
2 The Basics of Flow and Optimal Experience
Conditions of the Flow Experience
Characteristics of the Flow Experience
References
3 Flowing Together
Terms to Describe Flow with Others
Ten Factors for Creating Collective Flow
The Power of Collective Flow
References
Part II: Flow 2.0 Across Life Contexts
4 Flow 2.0
Workplace as the Setting for Finding Flow
Positive Psychology Goes to Work
Positive Psychology in the Workplace 2.0
Work Engagement and Flow
Sustaining Focus at Work in the Age of Distraction
Facilitating Flow at Work
Conclusion
References
5 Finding Flow in Sports and Leisure Pursuits
Flow and Leisure
Going with the Flow
Flow, TV, and Video Games
Flow and Sports
Conclusion
References
6 The Future of Flow in the Digital Society
Flow and Artificial Intelligence
Overflow: Mitigating a Future of Digital Flow Addiction and Loneliness
Flow in the Future: The Balance of Social Interaction in the Digital and Physical Worlds
An Optimal Future for Optimal Experience
References
Part III: Summing Up and Conclusions
7 What Mihaly’s Insights Mean for Our LivesHuman Flourishing, Well‐Being, and Positive Functioning in the Years Ahead
The Legacy He Wanted to Leave: Positive Psychology
Criticisms of Positive Psychology
He Wanted Us to Share with the World the Power Flow Theory and Flow 2.0
Conclusion
References
Selected Books by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 4
Table 4.1 Summary of flow enablers, inhibitors, and strategies from Dubin’s...
Chapter 5
Table 5.1 Common words and phrases elite athletes use in their interviews....
Chapter 6
Table 6.1 The dark side of flow’s characteristics.
Chapter 7
Table 7.1 Illustrative sample of associations and degree programs by contin...
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 PERMA+4.
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 Low skill met with high challenge will result in anxiety, and hig...
Figure 2.2 Jimi Hendrix, one of the all‐time great guitarists (1942–1970)....
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 The Beatles performing in front of 73 million people on the
Ed Su
...
Figure 3.2 Top five factors in a high‐performing team.
Figure 3.3 Conductor Leonard Bernstein at the climax of Mahler's Resurrectio...
Figure 3.4 Factors of collective flow.
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 Stephen Curry, Golden State Warriors, “shooting a three.”
Figure 5.2 Bobby Stroupe, performance coach for Mahomes, posted a screenshot...
Figure 5.3 Gold medal swimmer Katie Ledecky set a world record for the 1500 ...
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 The 2015 Boston red carpet premiere of the film
Black Mass
.
Figure 6.2 Apple Vision Pro.
Figure 6.3 Meeting in the metaverse, avatar style.
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi honored by Google on his 89
th
birthday.
Figure 7.2 Summary of main criticisms and critiques of positive psychology....
Guide
Cover Page
Table of Contents
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
About the Authors
Preface
Begin Reading
Index
WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
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Positive Psychology and Well‐Being Series
Editor: Stewart I. DonaldsonManaging Editor: Victoria Cabrera
Flow 2.0: Optimal Experience in a Complex World. Honoring Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi’s LegacyStewart I. Donaldson and Matthew Dubin
Forthcoming
PERMA+4: Building Blocks for Feeling and Doing WellStewart I. Donaldson and Victoria Cabrera
Positive Organizational Psychology Interventions: Design & Evaluation, 2nd EditionStewart I. Donaldson and Christopher Chen
Flow 2.0
Optimal Experience in a Complex World. Honoring Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi's Legacy
Stewart I. Donaldson and Matthew Dubin
This edition first published 2025© 2025 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication DataNames: Donaldson, Stewart I. (Stewart Ian), author. | Dubin, Matthew, author.Title: Flow 2.0 : optimal experience in a complex world : honoring Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi’s legacy / Stewart I. Donaldson and Matthew Dubin.Description: Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2025. | Series: Positive psychology and well‐being | Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2024041147 (print) | LCCN 2024041148 (ebook) | ISBN 9781394262991 (paperback) | ISBN 9781394263011 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781394263004 (epub)Subjects: LCSH: Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly. | Positive psychology.Classification: LCC BF204.6 .D65 2025 (print) | LCC BF204.6 (ebook) | DDC 150.19/88–dc23/eng/20240927LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2024041147LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2024041148
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About the Authors
Stewart I. Donaldson, PhD, is Distinguished University Professor and executive director of the Claremont Evaluation Center (CEC) and the Evaluators’ Institute (TEI) at Claremont Graduate University. He is deeply committed to improving lives through positive psychology research, evaluation, and education. He is co‐founder of the first PhD and research‐focused master’s programs in positive psychology at Claremont Graduate University. He mentors many graduate students specializing in positive psychology and evaluation science.
Professor Donaldson serves on the Council of Advisors for the International Positive Psychology Association (IPPA), is faculty advisor for the Student Division of IPPA (SIPPA), served on the IPPA Board of Directors (2013–2017), was chair of IPPA’s World Congress of Positive Psychology in Los Angeles (2013), and is president of the Western Positive Psychology Association (WPPA).
He has published hundreds of peer reviewed articles, chapters, evaluation reports, and more than 20 books on positive psychology and evaluation science topics, including Flow 2.0: Optimal Experience in a Complex World. Honoring Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi’s Legacy (2024, this volume); Well‐being and Success for University Students: Applying PERMA+4 (2024); Positive Organizational Psychology Interventions: Design and Evaluation (2021); Positive Psychological Science (2020); Toward a Positive Psychology of Relationships (2018);Scientific Advances in Positive Psychology (2017); and Applied Positive Psychology (2011).
Professor Donaldson has been honored with many career achievement awards for his research and evaluation contributions, including the 2021 IPPA Fellow Award, 2019 IPPA Work and Organizations Division Exemplary Research to Practice Award, and the 2019 SIPPA Inspiring Mentor Award.
Matthew Dubin, PhD, is an organizational psychologist and one of the leading practitioners on enabling flow at work. He is the co‐founder of The Venn Collective, a culture and leadership development consultancy that utilizes flow‐based principles to create peak performing organizations. Dr. Dubin has worked largely with the sports, media, and entertainment industries, partnering with the Los Angeles Lakers, the National Women’s Soccer League, FanDuel, the Toronto Blue Jays, FOX Sports, and Paramount, among others.
Dr. Dubin completed his PhD in Psychology under the tutelage of Dr. Csikszentmihalyi at Claremont Graduate University, where he was awarded the inaugural Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi Dissertation Award for Excellence in Positive Psychology for his research on cultivating flow in the workplace. He received his BA from the University of Michigan, where he was introduced to the theory of flow by his first career mentor, Dr. Christopher Peterson.
He is based in Los Angeles, where he lives with his wife and two young children. Outside of work, Dr. Dubin finds flow from playing basketball and guitar, baking desserts with his daughter, having meaningless sports arguments with friends, and, of course, talking and reading about flow.
Preface
The world continues to evolve at an accelerating pace. In recent years, technologically enhanced remote and hybrid learning environments and workplaces, as well as regular interactions with artificial intelligence and social robots, have become commonplace. Many would agree that we are living at a different time with new daily challenges than when Professor Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi introduced us to Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience (1990) and his vision for the science of positive psychology.
People who learn to control inner experience will be able to determine the quality of their lives, which is as close as any of us can come to being happy.
(Csikszentmihalyi 1990 in Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience)
Positive psychology is “a science of positive subjective experience, positive individual traits, and positive institutions that promises to improve quality of life and prevent the pathologies that arise when life is barren and meaningless.”
(Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi 2000, p. 5).
Professor Csikszentmihalyi taught us so much more about life than we can share in this book, which is intended to honor his legacy and show how some of his major contributions can be extended to improve our lives in 2024 and beyond.
I (Stewart Donaldson) was first inspired by Professor Csikszentmihalyi’s work when I read Beyond Boredom and Anxiety: Experiencing Flow in Work and Play (Csikszentmihalyi 1975) when I was a graduate student in the late 1980s. I was instantly a fan of his work and have followed it closely ever since. I was thrilled when I heard he was leaving the University of Chicago to join us on the faculty at Claremont Graduate University (1999). But, I never imagined we would become very close friends and colleagues and I would be afforded the honor and amazing opportunity to work closely with Mihaly for approximately 20 years on so many fruitful projects. For example, along with our colleague Jeanne Nakamura, we designed and implemented the first research‐oriented PhD and MA programs in 2006 at Claremont Graduate University, which became more popular and successful than we could have ever imagined. Together, we led the World Congress of Positive Psychology in Los Angeles in 2013, created the Western Positive Psychology Association the same year, served on boards together, traveled around the world to many different positive psychology conferences, served on many positive psychology dissertation committees, and published two editions of our book Positive Psychology Science: Improving Everyday Life, Well‐being, Work, Education, and Societies Across the Globe (2020) among many other enriching flow‐producing activities. This 20‐year friendship and collaboration has been the highlight of my academic career.
I (Matthew Dubin) first came across Mihaly’s genius as an undergrad at the University of Michigan. I was introduced to the concept of flow in Dr. Christopher Peterson’s (one of my other heroes and mentors) Positive Psychology course. It is often hyperbole to say one particular thing “changed my life,” but reading Flow truly did. It was through his teachings that I finally had the language to understand the best moments of my life, and the types of experiences I was constantly seeking. Having grown up in Southern California and knowing I wanted to return home after four winters in Michigan, and then hearing that Mihaly was a co‐founder of the only doctorate in Positive Psychology program in the nation, it felt like fate. When I walked into his office for the first time in 2011, seeing piles of thousands of papers strewn across his desk and him leaning back in his chair with his infectious smile, I felt such a sense of calm. I had so many questions for him, but he would always turn the conversation back to me, my interests, and my ideas. Truly the most humble man I’ve ever met. He had absolutely zero ego about the concept of flow and only was interested in exploring it as an idea outside of himself, not seeking any credit or attention. It reminded me how certain songs become so significant that they seem to belong to everyone, as though the original artist provided a gift to the world. As my advisor and the chair of my dissertation committee, Mihaly made himself available for countless additional conversations in that same office over the next eight years, many of which I count among the peak flow experiences of my life. He cared so much about his students, and truly supported them all as whole people with complex outer and inner lives. Since his passing, I still feel his presence every day, and, when confronted with a complex decision, think: “What would Mihaly do or say here?” The best part of writing this book, by far, was feeling like he was here with me every time I sat down to write. He was a giant in the field, but also a true giant of humanity.
We were both devastated when we heard the sad news that the father of flow was no longer with us in the physical world. It was so difficult to talk about this personal and professional loss, and to help our public relations team at Claremont Graduate University (CGU) share the story of his amazing positive influence on people around the world.
***
The CGU press release is published here, in part, with permission:
Passings: Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, the ‘Father of Flow,’ 1934–2021
THE SEARCH FOR HAPPINESS: Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi at the podium during the 2018 Western Positive Psychology Association conference in Claremont.
BACK IN THE 1950s, when Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi was 16 and traveling in Switzerland (but with no money to enjoy skiing or even go to a movie), he heard about a free lecture in Zurich. The lecture was on the topic of flying saucers.
It sounded entertaining to him, he told a TED audience in 2004. Since it was free, he decided to go.
The man he heard that night didn’t talk about aliens from outer space. He spoke about how the psyches of Europeans had been so deeply traumatized by World War II that they projected UFOs into the skies.
It was a coping mechanism, the man said, a way of finding order in the inexplainable chaos of war.
Csikszentmihalyi had no idea that the lecturer that night was Carl Jung—but hearing Jung stayed with him long after he moved to the United States at the age of 22. He’d witnessed that wartime trauma himself—his own family suffered the loss of his two older brothers—and it instilled in him a deep desire to study psychology and understand what a meaningful life can be.
That inquiry into life’s meaning and purpose resulted in an acclaimed professional career that, over many years, garnered him much praise and attention as a founder of the popular and growing field of positive psychology and as the “father of flow,” which refers to the optimal psychological state when one is fully immersed in an activity.
The CGU community is mourning the loss of this pioneering figure known fondly on campus as “Mike C.” According to a message posted on Facebook by the family, Csikszentmihalyi died last week on October 20, surrounded by his family in his Claremont home. Isabella, his wife of 60 years, was at his bedside. He was 87.
Reactions: On‐Campus & Beyond
CGU President Len Jessup and School of Social Science, Policy & Evaluation (SSSPE) Dean Michelle Bligh delivered the sad news of Mike’s passing in messages to the entire university community as well as to the members of the Division of Organizational & Behavioral Sciences (DBOS).
For CGU’s Stewart Donaldson, who worked with Csikszentmihalyi to create the university’s trailblazing program in positive psychology, the news was still a shock even though he knew Mike had been ailing in recent years.
He said it felt like losing a parent.
“I haven’t felt this low since my dad died,” said Donaldson, who is a University Distinguished Professor and directs the Claremont Evaluation Center. “He was such a trustworthy friend, and I learned so much from him. He was one of the most present people I knew. He’d just listen to you, and he was in the moment, in the flow, and I think that’s because he’d studied it for so long and knew how to live life in that optimal state.”
Word also spread to many beyond campus, including Martin Seligman, Emeritus Zellerbach Family Professor of Psychology at the University of Pennsylvania. Seligman co‐founded the field of positive psychology with Mike in the late 1990s.
Seligman, who received the news as his first grandson was being born, said it plunged him into “the profoundest grief at losing my colleague and friend Mike” even as he was experiencing the elation of becoming a grandparent.
Similar sentiments were expressed on social media by former colleagues and students and in the Hungarian press. Boing Boing referred to him as “legendary”; The Budapest Times and Hungary Today hailed him as the “Flow Theory Architect.” Hungary Daily News celebrated his career and called him a psychologist “whose theory conquered the world.”
Early Years, Move to Claremont
Born in 1934 in Fiume, Italy (now Rijeka, Croatia), Csikszentmihalyi was the son of Hungarian diplomat Alfred Csikszentmihalyi (né Hausenblasz) and Edith Jankovich de Jeszenicze. As a refugee in postwar Rome, he attended the Classical Gymnasium Torquato Tasso and developed a deep interest in psychology.
In 1956, he moved to the United States to study psychology at the University of Chicago and wrote his doctoral dissertation on artistic creativity with creativity scholar Jacob W. Getzels. During that time, he met Isabella Selega, a graduate student in Russian history. They married in 1961, and Csikszentmihalyi taught at Illinois’ Lake Forest College before joining the Chicago faculty in 1971.
In the 1990s, with his retirement from Chicago, the Drucker School’s Jean Lipman Blumen recruited him to come to Claremont and teach psychology and management. With his arrival and with the droves of psychology students that headed down to his Drucker office, it was clear that something special was happening on campus. So when he was given an offer from USC to start his own program, Donaldson said he asked Mike to stay and do it at CGU instead under the auspices of DBOS. Mike agreed.
Together, Donaldson recalled, they thought that their positive psychology program would simply be a small concentration that would fit with the division’s other programs, but, he added, “it just took off and, many hundreds of graduates later, it has taken on an incredible life all of its own.”
“Flow,” Innovations, Publications, & Awards
Csikszentmihalyi is best known for his work on the concept of “Flow,” which describes a state of optimal experience in which one’s skills match the challenges of a situation, and for his role as a founder of positive psychology.
Underlying much of this work was his innovative and groundbreaking use of pagers and questionnaires to produce a database based on people’s self‐reports of their ordinary experiences.
Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience became a bestseller in 1990, which presented his conclusions based on that database in a warm, humanistic prose style. His other books, The Evolving Self (1993), Creativity (1996), and Good Business (2003), expanded on his theories in a variety of directions.
Because Csikszentmihalyi’s approach generated a cross‐section of daily experience, his analysis paid more attention to experiences of positive states–like enjoyment or creativity–than many of his predecessors. That work formed the theoretical background of his collaboration with Seligman.
Together, in 2000, they published an influential article in American Psychologist, the flagship journal of the American Psychological Association, that introduced the profession to positive psychology. That work was recognized with Csikszentmihalyi’s appointment as a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and his selection for the 2009 Clifton Strengths Prize and the 2011 Széchenyi Prize.
Seligman–who served as the APA’s president in 1998–recalled how he asked Mike to join him in writing their pioneering journal article.
“Mike had played such an enormous role in helping me prepare my theme for the APA presidency,” he recalled, “that I prevailed on him to be the joint author of that article.”
Other awards and distinctions include his receipt, in 2014, of the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary. Csikszentmihalyi also has enjoyed a robust following online; Since the first appearance of his 2004 TED Talk, “Flow, the secret to happiness,” it has received some 6,693,254 views.
https://www.cgu.edu/news/2021/10/passings‐mihaly‐csikszentmihalyi‐the‐father‐of‐flow‐1934‐2021/
***
We (Stewart & Matthew) decided we wanted to honor Mihaly for all he gave to us and the thousands of other people whose lives he touched and improved in so many ways. After considering a number of ways to do that, we landed on the idea of writing this book together.
After all, Mihaly taught us:
Writing gives the mind a disciplined means of expression.
(Csikszentmihalyi 1991 in Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience)
How can some of Professor Csikszentmihalyi’s profound ideas and contributions help us and people today navigate our increasingly complex lives and world? This is the question we try to answer in the chapters of this book. Our aim is to help keep Mihaly’s legacy alive and well, and to help share his insights and rich depth of knowledge that he has gifted us so we can have more optimal experiences and fulfilling lives in the days and years ahead.
Stewart I. Donaldson
Claremont, California
Matthew Dubin
Los Angeles, California
1The New Science and Practice of Positive Psychology: PERMA+4, Optimal Experience, and Beyond
Control of consciousness determines the quality of life.
(Csikszentmihalyi 1990 in Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience)
Our colleague, mentor, and great friend Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi (1934–2021) had a wonderful life that propelled him to make lasting impacts on us, many other colleagues and students, and societies across the globe. During the last two decades of his life, he created with his colleagues a new science and practice of positive psychology (Donaldson et al. 2023). Positive psychology is “a science of positive subjective experience, positive individual traits, and positive institutions that promises to improve quality of life and prevent the pathologies that arise when life is barren and meaningless” (Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi 2000, p. 5).
While other pioneers in psychology, such as William James and Abraham Maslow, set the stage for contemporary positive psychology, it was not until the turn of this century that the late Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi and his partner Martin Seligman provided a clear vision for how to develop a body of empirical evidence and a rigorous science of positive psychology began to emerge (Donaldson et al. 2023). Mihaly also clearly described the intangible and almost invisible difference that positive psychology is likely to make toward our understanding of what it means to be human and positive psychology’s potential to give us new hope for the future of humankind (Csikszentmihalyi 2020). He inspired us with his view that “this new perspective in psychology, positive psychology, should guarantee a rewarding life to those who choose to pursue it.”
