Fundamentals of Gas Dynamics E-Book

Robert D. Zucker

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Serie: ANE Books
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 697

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2019

Beschreibung

New edition of the popular textbook, comprehensively updated throughout and now includes a new dedicated website for gas dynamic calculations

The thoroughly revised and updated third edition of Fundamentals of Gas Dynamics maintains the focus on gas flows below hypersonic. This targeted approach provides a cohesive and rigorous examination of most practical engineering problems in this gas dynamics flow regime. The conventional one-dimensional flow approach together with the role of temperature-entropy diagrams are highlighted throughout.

The authors—noted experts in the field—include a modern computational aid, illustrative charts and tables, and myriad examples of varying degrees of difficulty to aid in the understanding of the material presented. The updated edition of Fundamentals of Gas Dynamics includes new sections on the shock tube, the aerospike nozzle, and the gas dynamic laser. The book contains all equations, tables, and charts necessary to work the problems and exercises in each chapter. This book’s accessible but rigorous style:

• Offers a comprehensively updated edition that includes new problems and examples
• Covers fundamentals of gas flows targeting those below hypersonic
• Presents the one-dimensional flow approach and highlights the role of temperature-entropy diagrams
• Contains new sections that examine the shock tube, the aerospike nozzle, the gas dynamic laser, and an expanded coverage of rocket propulsion
• Explores applications of gas dynamics to aircraft and rocket engines
• Includes behavioral objectives, summaries, and check tests to aid with learning

Written for students in mechanical and aerospace engineering and professionals and researchers in the field, the third edition of Fundamentals of Gas Dynamics has been updated to include recent developments in the field and retains all its learning aids.

The calculator for gas dynamics calculations is available at www.oscarbiblarz.com/gascalculator

Leseprobe

FUNDAMENTALS OF GAS DYNAMICS

Third Edition

DR. ROBERT D. ZUCKER†

DR. OSCAR BIBLARZ

Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering

Naval Postgraduate School

Monterey, California, USA

This edition first published 2020© 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Edition HistoryJohn Wiley & Sons Ltd (2e, 2002)

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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

Names: Zucker, Robert D., author. | Biblarz, Oscar, author.Title: Fundamentals of gas dynamics / Robert D. Zucker, Oscar Biblarz.Description: Third edition. | Hoboken : Wiley, 2020. | Includes index.Identifiers: LCCN 2019024498 (print) | LCCN 2019024499 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119481706 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119481638 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119481690 (epub)Subjects: LCSH: Gas dynamics.Classification: LCC QC168 .Z79 2020 (print) | LCC QC168 (ebook) | DDC 533/.2–dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019024498LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019024499

Cover design: WileyCover image: Generated by book authors, © Stefano Buttafoco/Shutterstock

Preface to Third Edition

A deliberate attempt has been made to retain the user‐friendly and applications‐oriented approach of previous editions. Beyond the added problems and examples, the following new applications are included: (1) the Shock Tube, (2) the Aerospike Nozzle, and (3) High‐Energy Gas Lasers. Dimensional analysis and transonic flow concepts are presented but only succinctly discussed. We restrict all applications to below the hypersonic range to be consistent with our constant γ formulations, which also imply no molecular dissociation or chemical reactions for flows outside of the combustor region. Finally, with a few notable exceptions, all flows are taken to be steady and one‐dimensional.

For this edition, all appendixes from the second edition have been retained. We have kept Appendixes G through J because oftentimes or at some locations, suitable electronic devices may be unavailable even though many students now are conversant and have access to programmable electronic calculators (hand‐held, laptop, or table‐top); also, in classroom or problem‐session settings, it would be most unusual to have everyone with the same type of calculator. Furthermore, unlike graphs, tables show sufficient significant figures for meaningful answers in certain types of problems and tables may (with some experience) help to give the “big picture.” All sketches and figures in the text have also been retained because they (and T–s diagrams in particular) are excellent learning tools.

We furthermore keep physical descriptions in both the EE and SI systems of units because the former is still used widely in the United States—most instructors are comfortable with them, and many users in the industry and laboratories have developed an intuitive sense for the magnitudes of the parameters and/or for the characteristic sizes of existing equipment. Moreover, the Gravitational System of units has wedged itself into the SI System with the kilogram‐force (kgf) unit used in Europe for gas–pressure measurements (its relevant gc is given in Section 1.2). In Chapter 1, the previous Section 1.3 has been replaced with a new one that gives information on relevant fundamentals behind all systems of units and reasons why dimensionless quantities are so pervasive in gas dynamics—while real problems must deal with one or another system of units, nearly all graphing and tabulations in this book relate dimensionless quantities that are shown to be more general and more useful. Many examples in the book will show final answers given in both set of units because enough readers seem to have a preference for one or the other. Answers to Problems in the back of the book remain in either SI or EE. Appendixes K and L are in EE but are also available in SI (Keenan, J. H., Chao, J., and Kaye, J., Gas Tables International Version, 2nd Ed., Wiley, New York, 1983) or are posted on appropriate websites.

For this third edition, I would like to acknowledge the many helpful suggestions of Professor Garth Hobson. Mr. A. I. Biblarz developed our Gasdynamics Calculator as a direct companion to this book (available at https://www.oscarbiblarz.com/gascalculator), which can run on any electronic device that has a web browser; for perfect gases this calculator reproduces Appendixes G through J and includes software to calculate Oblique Shocks without the aid of the charts in Appendix D, having the Normal Shock formulations built‐in. With the Gasdynamics Calculator, the user avoids any need for interpolation or extrapolation, and further manipulations needed to arrive at the desired final answers are easily done with any standard calculators. In addition to being a labor‐saving aid, this calculator outputs some functions not tabulated in the appendixes and enables the user to conveniently tackle many problems that require more realistic values of γ (without defaulting to 1.40).

This third edition has been prepared by Oscar Biblarz. The book's organization and educational objectives introduced in previous editions have been retained—Bob Zucker, who passed away in 2011, strongly believed that rendering the logic of an engineering subject such as gas dynamics with relevant aspects of educational technology would appeal to beginning students as well as others interested in the field, and time has proven him right.

OSCAR BIBLARZ

Monterey, CA, USA

Preface to Second Edition

This book is written for students in engineering and the physical sciences who want to learn the fundamentals of gas dynamics. It aims at the upper undergraduate level and thus requires a minimum of prerequisites. The writing style is informal and incorporates ideas in educational technology such as behavioral objectives, meaningful summaries, and check tests. Such features make this book well suited for self‐study as well as for conventional course presentation. Sufficient material is included for a typical one‐quarter or one‐semester course, depending on the student's background.

Our approach in this book is to develop all basic relations on a rigorous basis with equations that are valid for the most general case of the unsteady, three‐dimensional flow of an arbitrary fluid. These relations are then simplified to represent meaningful engineering problems for one‐ and two‐dimensional steady flows. All basic internal and external flows are covered with practical applications which are interwoven throughout the text. Attention is focused on the assumptions made at every step of the analysis; emphasis is placed on the usefulness of T–s diagrams and the significance of any relevant loss terms.

Examples and problems are provided in both the English Engineering and SI systems of units. Homework problems range from the routine to the complex, with all charts and tables necessary for their solution included in the Appendixes.

The goals for the user should be not only to master the fundamental concepts but also to develop good problem‐solving skills. After completing this book the student should be capable of pursuing the many references that are available on more advanced topics.

Professor Oscar Biblarz joined Robert D. Zucker as coauthor in the second edition. We have both taught gas dynamics from the first edition of this book for many years. We both shared in the preparation of the new manuscript and in the proofreading. This second edition has been expanded to include (1) some material on conical shocks, (2) several sections showing how computer calculations can be helpful, and (3) an entire chapter on real gases, including simple methods to handle these problems. These topics have made the book more complete while retaining its original purpose and style.

We have gratefully acknowledged the help of Professors Raymond P. Shreeve and Garth V. Hobson of the Turbopropulsion Laboratory at the Naval Postgraduate School, particularly in the propulsion area. We also have mentioned that our many students throughout the years have provided the inspiration and motivation for preparing this material. In particular, for the first edition, we acknowledged Ernest Lewis, Allen Roessig, and Joseph Strada for their contributions beyond the classroom. We would also like to thank the Lockheed‐Martin Aeronautics Company, General Electric Aircraft Engines, Pratt & Whitney Aircraft, the Boeing Company, and the National Physical Laboratory in the United Kingdom for providing photographs that illustrate various parts of the book. John Wiley & Sons should be recognized for understanding that the deliberate informal style of this book makes it a more effective teaching tool.

Professor Zucker owed a great deal to Newman Hall and Ascher Shapiro, whose books provided his first introduction to the area of compressible flow. Also, he thanked his wife, Polly, for sharing this endeavor with him for a second time.

ROBERT D. ZUCKER

Pebble Beach, CA

OSCAR BIBLARZ

Monterey, CA

To the Student

You do not need much background to enter the fascinating world of gas dynamics. However, it will be assumed that you have been exposed to college‐level courses in calculus and thermodynamics. Specifically, you are expected to know the following:

Simple differentiation and integration, logarithms, and series expansions

The meaning of a partial derivative

Vectors and the significance of a dot product

How to draw and interpret free‐body diagrams

How to resolve a force or other vector into its components

Newton's second law of motion and the units related to force and mass

About properties of fluids, particularly perfect gases

The zeroth, first, and second laws of thermodynamics

The first six prerequisites are very specific; the last two cover quite a bit of territory. In fact, a background in thermodynamics is so important to the study of gas dynamics that a review of the necessary concepts for control mass analysis is contained in Chapter 1. If you have recently completed a course in thermodynamics, you may skip most of Section 1.4, but you should read the questions at the end of the chapter. If you can answer these, press on! If any difficulties arise, refer back to the material in the chapter. Many of these equations will be used throughout the rest of the book. You may even gain more confidence by working some of the review problems in Chapter 1. In this third edition, Section 1.3 is new; it covers the often‐unstated background for why we prefer to use nondimensional quantities in gas dynamics and requires reading.

In Chapters 2 and 3 we convert the fundamental laws into a form needed for control volume analysis. If you have had a good course in fluid mechanics, much of this material should be familiar to you. A section on constant‐density fluids is included to show the general applicability in that field and to tie in with any previous work that you have done in this area. If you have not studied fluid mechanics, do not worry. All the material that you need to know in this field is included. Because several special concepts are developed that are not treated in many thermodynamics and fluid mechanics courses, read these chapters even if you have the relevant background. They introduce the notation used, form the backbone of gas dynamics, and are referred to frequently in later chapters.

In Chapter 4, you are introduced to the characteristics of compressible fluids. Then in the following chapters, various basic flow phenomena are analyzed one by one: varying area, normal and oblique shocks, supersonic expansions and compressions, duct friction, and heat transfer. A wide variety of practical engineering problems can be solved using these concepts, and many of these problems are covered throughout the text. Examples of these include the off‐design operation of supersonic nozzles, supersonic wind tunnels, blast waves and shock tubes, supersonic airfoils, some methods of flow measurement, and the choking from either friction or thermal effects. You will find that supersonic flows bring about special problems in that they do not seem to follow your intuition. In Chapter 11, you will be exposed to what goes on at the molecular level and a discussion of a laser based purely on gas dynamics. You will see how molecular structure at high temperatures affects real gas behavior and learn some relatively simple techniques to handle these situations.

Aircraft propulsion systems (with their air inlets, afterburners, and exit nozzles) represent a noteworthy application of nearly all the basic gas dynamics flow situations. Thus, in Chapter 12, we describe and analyze common air-breathing propulsion systems, including turbojets, turbofans, and turboprops. Other propulsion systems, such as rockets, ramjets, and pulsejets, are also covered.

A number of chapters contain material that shows how to use computer software in certain calculations. The aim is to indicate how particular software might be applied as a means of getting answers by using the same equations that could be worked manually or through the tables. The computer utility MAPLE is our choice, but if you have not studied it, do not worry. All the gas dynamics is presented in the sections preceding such applications so that all computer sections may be omitted. For students who have access to the “Word Wide Web,” a Gasdynamics Calculator has been developed that can reproduce Appendices D, G, H, I, and J for all applicable values of γ. Access to a Web browser will allow students to view complementary figures and photographs that are presented in this book.

This book has been especially written for you, the student. We hope that its informal style will put you at ease and motivate you to keep reading on. Student comments on the previous editions indicate that this objective has been accomplished. Once you have read the first chapter, the remaining chapters follow a similar format. The following suggestions may help you optimize your study time. When you start each chapter, read the Introduction, as this will give you the general idea of what the chapter is all about. The next section contains a set of learning objectives (beginning with Chapter 2). These tell exactly what you should be able to do after completing the chapter successfully. Some objectives are marked optional, as they are only for the most serious students. Merely scan the objectives, as they would not mean much at first. However, they will indicate important things to look for. As you read the material, you may occasionally be asked to do something—complete a derivation, fill in a chart, draw a diagram, etc. Make an honest attempt to follow these instructions before proceeding further. You will not be asked to do something that you have not the background to do, and your active participation will help solidify important concepts and provide feedback on your progress.

As you complete each section, look back to see if any of the enumerated objectives have been covered. If so, make sure that you can do them. Write out the answers; these will help you in later studies. You may wish to make your own summary of important points in each chapter, and then see how well it agrees with the summary provided. After having worked a representative group of problems, you are ready to check your knowledge by taking the test at the end of the chapter. This should always be treated as a closed‐book affair, with the exception of tables and charts in the appendices. If you have any difficulties with the check test, you should go back and restudy the appropriate sections. Do not proceed to the next chapter without completing the previous one satisfactorily.

Not all chapters are of the same length, most of them being a little long to tackle all at once. You might find it easier to break them into “bite‐sized” pieces according to the Correlation Table that follows. Work on some problems on the first group of objectives and sections before proceeding. You should spend time on each study session working through the material. Learning can be fun; however, knowledge does not come free. We hope that this book will make the task of exploring gas dynamics more doable and more enjoyable.

Correlation Table for Sections, Objectives, and Problems

Chapter

Sections

Optional Section

Objectives

Optional Objectives

Problems

Optional Problem

1

1–3

Q: 1–8

Q: 1–9P: 1–6

4

Q: 10–34

4

P: 1–5

2

1–5

1–3, 5

4

1–3, 5–6

4

6

7, 9

6, 8

7–15

3

1–7

1–9

1–14

8

10–12

15–22

4

1–6

1–10

1–17

5

1–6

1–7

1–8

7–10

11

8–12

9–23

24

6

1–5

1–7

1–6

6–8

9

8–10

7–19

7

1–3

1–2

1–5

4–8

3–9

5

6–17

9–10

11

10–12

18–21

22

8

1–5

1–6

5

1–6

6–9

10

7–9

7–19

9

1–6

1–7

2, 5

1–12

7–8, 10

9, 11

8–9, 11

10

13–22

23

10

1–6

1–7

2, 6

1–8

7–9

10

8–9, 11

10

9–21

22

11

a

1–5

1–7

1–10

6–8

8

9

11–16

12

a

1–3

1–4

1–5

4–7

5–11

8, 9, 11

6–15

8–9

12–15

14

16–25

a With very few exceptions, for more realistic answers, Problems in Chapters 11 and 12 can be worked or reworked using the Gasdynamics Calculator that accompanies this third edition without any need for Appendices D or G through J. To ascertain appropriate values of γ, use Appendices A and B, Appendix L, or Figure 11.2 (or related references) for the gases and temperatures specified.

About the Companion Website

This book is accompanied by a companion website:

www.wiley.com/go/zucker/gas

The website includes:

Solution Manuals