General Surgery E-Book

Harold Ellis

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Serie: Lecture Notes
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1092

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2016

Beschreibung

THE 'GOLDEN JUBILEE' EDITION OF A CLASSIC TEXTBOOK, FIRST PUBLISHED IN 1965

Highly Commended at the British Medical Association Book Awards 2016

General Surgery Lecture Notes continues to be an invaluable, appealing and approachable resource for thousands of medical students and surgical trainees throughout the world. This comprehensive guide focuses on the fundamentals of general surgery, and systematically covers all the clinical surgical problems that a student may encounter and about which they need to know.

Fully revised and updated to reflect the rapid changes which are taking place in surgical practice, this 50th anniversary edition:

• Includes principles of treatment written at student level to aid understanding
• Features full colour illustrations throughout
• Includes electronic access to a range of extra material including case studies, images and photographs, and biographies
• Includes free access to the Wiley E-Text
• Is a perfect review text for medical students as well as junior surgeons taking the MRCS examination and other postgraduate surgical examinations

Trusted by generations of medical students, the clinical emphasis of General Surgery Lecture Notes makes this an essential purchase for all those wishing to learn more about general surgery.

Leseprobe

General Surgery

Lecture Notes

Harold Ellis

CBE DM MCh FRCS Emeritus Professor of Surgery, Guy’s Hospital, London

Sir Roy Calne

MS FRCS FRS Emeritus Professor of Surgery, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge

Christopher Watson

MD BChir FRCS Professor of Transplantation and Honorary Consultant, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge

Thirteenth Edition

This edition first published 2016 © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd© 1965, 1968, 1970, 1972, 1977, 1983, 1987, 1993, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2011 by Harold Ellis,Sir Roy Y. Calne and Christopher J. E. Watson

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataEllis, Harold, 1926-, author. Lecture notes. General surgery / Harold Ellis, Sir Roy Calne, Christopher Watson. – Thirteenth edition.   p. ; cm. General surgery Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-118-74205-1 (pbk.) I. Calne, Roy Yorke, author. II. Watson, Christopher J. E. (Christopher John Edward), author. III. Title.IV. Title: General surgery. [DNLM: 1. Surgical Procedures, Operative. WO 500] RD31 617–dc23

              2015024747

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

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Cover image: © Getty Images/annedde

CONTENTS

Preface

Acknowledgements

Abbreviations

The anytime, anywhere textbook

About the companion website

1: Surgical strategy

History and examination

Writing your notes

Case presentation

2: Fluid and nutrition management

Body fluid compartments

Fluid and electrolyte losses

Normal fluid losses (Table 2.1)

Abnormal fluid losses

Effects of surgery

Prescribing fluids for the surgical patient

Nutrition

Notes

3: Preoperative assessment

Patient assessment

Management of pre-existing medical conditions

4: Postoperative complications

Classification

Wound infection

Antibiotic-associated enterocolitis: Clostridium difficile

Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Other multiresistant organisms of significance

Pulmonary collapse and infection

Deep vein thrombosis in the lower limb

Pulmonary embolus

Burst abdomen

Postoperative fistula

Postoperative pyrexia

Complications of minimally invasive surgery

Additional resources

Notes

5: Acute infections

Cellulitis

Abscess

Boil

Carbuncle

Specific infections

Additional resources

Notes

6: Tumours

Pathology

Clinical features and diagnosis

History

Examination

Special investigations

Tumour markers

Treatment

Notes

7: Shock

Aetiology

Normal regulation of tissue perfusion

Abnormal regulation of tissue perfusion

Special causes of shock

Sequelae of shock

Principles in the management of patients in shock

Notes

8: Burns

Causes

Severity

Clinical features

Treatment

Complications

Prognosis

Additional resources

Notes

9: The skin and its adnexae

Sebaceous cyst

Dermoid cyst

Verruca vulgaris (wart)

Keratoacanthoma (molluscum sebaceum)

Ganglion

Pilonidal sinus

The nails

Tumours of the skin and subcutaneous tissues

Additional resources

Notes

10: The chest and lungs

Injury to the chest

Fractures of the ribs

Lung abscess

Empyema

Lung tumours

Secondary tumours

Additional resources

Notes

11: The heart and thoracic aorta

Cardiopulmonary bypass

Valvular disease

Aortic stenosis

Mitral regurgitation

Mitral stenosis

Ischaemic heart disease

Thoracic aortic disease

Notes

12: Arterial disease

Arterial trauma

Aneurysm

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm

Acute aortic expansion

Popliteal aneurysm

Assessing the patient with arterial disease

Atherosclerotic arterial disease

Atherosclerotic occlusive arterial disease

Coronary occlusive disease

Mesenteric occlusive disease

Cerebral occlusive disease

Intermittent claudication

Critical ischaemia

Carotid artery disease (Figure 12.3)

Raynaud’s disease and Raynaud’s phenomenon7

Buerger’s disease

Embolism (Figure 12.4)

Cold injury

Additional resources

Notes

13: Venous disorders of the lower limb

Anatomy of the venous drainage of the lower limb

Pathology of venous disease

Varicose veins

Complications of varicose veins

Deep venous insufficiency

Venous ulceration

Deep vein thrombosis

Additional resources

Notes

14: The brain and meninges

Space-occupying intracranial lesions

Intracranial tumours

Intracranial abscess

Intracranial vascular lesions

Hydrocephalus

Additional resources

Notes

15: Head injury

Types of injury

Brain injuries

Cerebral perfusion

Management of the patient with a head injury

Indications for surgery in head injuries

Traumatic intracranial bleeding

Other complications

Brain death

Additional resources

Notes

16: The spine

Spina bifida (Figure 16.1)

Spinal injuries

Degenerative spinal disorders

Cervical spondylosis

Epidural spinal abscess

Spinal tumours

Additional resources

Notes

17: Peripheral nerve injuries

Classification

Special investigation

Treatment

Brachial plexus injuries

Radial nerve injuries (Figure 17.1a)

Median nerve injuries (Figure 17.1b)

Median nerve compression at the wrist (carpal tunnel syndrome)

Ulnar nerve injuries (Figure 17.2)

Ulnar nerve compression at the elbow (cubital tunnel syndrome)

Differential diagnosis of flexion deformities of the fingers

Sciatic nerve injuries

Common peroneal nerve injuries

Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh compression: meralgia paraesthetica

Cervical sympathetic nerve injuries: Horner’s syndrome7

Additional resources

Notes

18: The oral cavity

The lips

Ulcers in the mouth

Other lesions within the mouth

Malignant disease of the mouth and pharynx

Carcinoma of the lip

Carcinoma of the tongue

Carcinoma of the soft palate and fauces

Carcinoma of the hard palate

Carcinoma of the floor of the mouth, alveolus and cheek

Carcinoma of the tonsil

Carcinoma of the nasopharynx

Carcinoma of the oro- and laryngopharynx

Tumours of the jaw

Tumours of the bone

Ameloblastoma (adamantinoma)

Surface tumours

Antral tumours

Additional resources

Notes

19: The salivary glands

Inflammation

Mumps

Acute bacterial parotitis

Chronic recurrent parotid sialadenitis

Mikulicz’s syndrome

Calculi

Salivary tumours

Adenolymphoma

Carcinoma

Additional resources

Notes

20: The oesophagus

Dysphagia

Perforations of the oesophagus

Caustic stricture of the oesophagus

Achalasia of the cardia

Plummer–Vinson syndrome6

Oesophageal diverticula

Pharyngeal pouch

Reflux oesophagitis

Tumours of the oesophagus

Carcinoma

Barrett’s oesophagus8 and adenocarcinoma

Additional resources

Notes

21: The stomach and duodenum

Congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

Duodenal atresia

Peptic ulcer

The acute peptic ulcer

The chronic peptic ulcer

Perforated peptic ulcer

Pyloric stenosis

Gastrointestinal haemorrhage

Tumours of the stomach

Gastrointestinal stromal tumours

Carcinoma

Bariatric surgery

Additional resources

Notes

22: Mechanical intestinal obstruction

Mechanical obstruction

Closed loop obstruction

Adhesive obstruction

Volvulus

Mesenteric vascular occlusions

Neonatal intestinal obstruction

Intussusception

Additional resources

Notes

23: Paralytic ileus

Aetiology

Peritonitis

Pseudo-obstruction

Note

24: The small intestine

Meckel’s diverticulum

Crohn’s disease

Tumours of the small intestine

Carcinoid syndrome

Additional resources

Notes

25: Acute appendicitis

Pathology

Clinical features

Treatment

The appendix mass (Box 25.1)

Appendicitis in pregnancy

Additional resources

Notes

26: The colon

Constipation and diarrhoea

Diverticulosis and diverticulitis

Angiodysplasia

Colitis

Tumours

Colostomy

Additional resources

Notes

27: The rectum and anal canal

Bright red rectal bleeding (Table 27.1)

Haemorrhoids (piles)

Perianal haematoma

Fissure in ano

Anorectal abscesses

Fistula in ano

Stricture of the anal canal

Prolapse of the rectum

Pruritus ani

Tumours

Rectal polyps

Carcinoma of the rectum

Anal cancer

Additional resources

Notes

28: Peritonitis

General characteristics of peritonitis

Peritoneal dialysis peritonitis

Non-specific bacterial peritonitis

Pneumococcal peritonitis

Haemolytic streptococcal peritonitis

Staphylococcal peritonitis

Tuberculous peritonitis

Bile peritonitis

Localized intraperitoneal collections of pus

Subphrenic abscess

Pelvic abscess

Notes

29: Hernia

Definition

Abdominal wall hernias

Inguinal hernia

Femoral hernia

Richter’s hernia

Umbilical hernia

Congenital umbilical hernia

Paraumbilical hernia

Divarication of the recti

Epigastric hernia

Incisional hernia

Unusual hernias

Diaphragmatic hernias

Reflux oesophagitis

Additional resources

Notes

30: The liver

Liver enlargement

Jaundice

Congenital abnormalities

Liver trauma

Acute infections of the liver

Hydatid disease of the liver

Cirrhosis

The effects of liver failure

Liver neoplasms

Liver surgery

Additional resources

Notes

31: The gallbladder and bile ducts

Congenital anomalies

Cholelithiasis (gallstones)

Bile composition and function

Gallbladder physiology

Gallstone types

Clinical manifestations of gallstones

Gallbladder polyps

Carcinoma of the gallbladder

Cholangiocarcinoma

Additional resources

Notes

32: The pancreas

Congenital anomalies

Acute pancreatitis

Severe acute pancreatitis

Chronic pancreatitis

Pancreatic cysts