GPO Staff in 1916 E-Book

Stephen Ferguson

• Herausgeber: Mercier Press
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Sprache: Englisch

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

The 1916 Rising has been studied from many different angles over the years but the unique perspective of GPO staff on the events of Easter Week has not previously been examined. Post office records and photographs, many previously unpublished, reveal the importance of the role played by postal staff during that week and provide fascinating eye-witness accounts of events as they unfolded across the city centre. Here, based on the official reports of various G.P.O staff, is not merely an exciting account of Post Office people in turbulent times but also nuggets of new information that will be of interest to both historians and the many people for whom the drama of 1916 holds a special fascination.

Leseprobe

GPO staff in 1916

Business as Usual

STEPHEN FERGUSON

MERCIER PRESS 3B Oak House, Bessboro Rd Blackrock, Cork, Ireland

www.mercierpress.iehttp://twitter.com/IrishPublisherhttp://www.facebook.com/mercier.press

© Stephen Ferguson, 2005; revised, enlarged edition, 2012

ISBN: 978 1 85635 994 8 ePub ISBN: 978 1 78117 090 8 Mobi ISBN: 978 1 78117 091 5

This eBook is copyright material and must not be copied, reproduced, transferred, distributed, leased, licensed or publicly performed or used in any way except as specifically permitted in writing by the publishers, as allowed under the terms and conditions under which it was purchased or as strictly permitted by applicable copyright law. Any unauthorised distribution or use of this text may be a direct infringement of the author’s and publisher’s rights and those responsible may be liable in law accordingly.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This book is a revised and more extensive edition of one I wrote a few years ago as ‘Self respect and a little extra leave’ – G.P.O. Staff in 1916. I would like to thank the British Postal Museum and Archive (BPMA, images © Royal Mail Group Ltd 2012) in London, the National Library of Ireland and An Post for permission to reproduce material in their care. The editorial advice of Dr L. K. Ferguson and Dr K. P. Ferguson is much appreciated, as is the assistance of a number of colleagues, current and retired, within An Post.

INTRODUCTION

Much has been written about the 1916 Rising over the years and the GPO, as the headquarters of the Rising, has been assured a unique place in Irish history. Surely no other postal headquarters can have witnessed the proclamation of a Republic in similar circumstances and this distinction has drawn into the GPO many visitors whose interest in the Post Office would otherwise be limited to buying a stamp or paying a bill.

The memoirs and reminiscences of those who took part in the Rising have helped to shed light on the events of Easter week, but they have sometimes also highlighted inconsistencies and inaccuracies in the accounts which can make it difficult to know exactly what happened. This will always be the case, but the great secrecy in which the Rising was planned, the confusion which followed the last minute cancellation of ‘manoeuvres’ and the swift execution of the principal leaders are factors which have accentuated the difficulties in understanding the events of Easter week.

The records housed in the British Postal Museum and Archive in London are unusually interesting because of the detail and freshness of the factual information which they provide on the progress of the rebellion. Here, in the official reports of various Dublin and provincial GPO staff, lies not merely an exciting account of Post Office people in turbulent times, but also nuggets of new information that should be of interest both to academic historians of the Rising and to the many people for whom the drama of 1916 holds a special fascination. Confidential police reports held in the United Kingdom National Archives provide extensive details of surveillance on some of the Post Office people who were secretly planning to cripple the Irish communications network at the outbreak of the rebellion. Some thirty-five years after the Rising, a few of those men gave statements to the Bureau of Military History which described from the inside what the G-men could only observe from the outside.

What is also of importance is the unique perspective that Post Office papers provide on the Rising. Composed at the time or within a couple of days of the suppression of the Rising, the Post Office memoranda are high-quality, contemporary eyewitness accounts of events almost as they happen. Such was the scope and breadth of Post Office operations at the time that accounts of the rebellion from several locations throughout the city – the GPO, the Crown Alley Telephone Exchange, Aldborough House, Dublin Castle and Amiens Street station – are available to the historian. In the comments and private memoir, Irish Experiences in War, of A. H. Norway, the Post Office Secretary, there is the discernment of a high-ranking official who, though emphatically a civil servant and not a politician, was in an excellent position to assess sentiment before the Rising and to appreciate government reaction in its wake. No other institution is able to provide such a rich, composite insight into the events of Easter week 1916. Reaction to events in Dublin, as seen through the eyes of other patriotic Irishmen in France, is to be found in the wonderful collection of trench letters posted to Monica Roberts from the Front.

Through many accounts and different viewpoints, the Post Office offers perspectives on the Rising that are unique in their immediacy, their freshness and their freedom from historical interpretation. What is of particular interest, however, for today’s GPO staff is the picture that emerges of a Post Office that is so resolutely committed to maintaining and restoring its service. It is an intriguing story of how ordinary men and women react in extraordinary circumstances – motivated, in Norway’s view, out of no more than simple ‘self-respect’ and the prospect of ‘a little extra leave’.

Sketch map showing the location of GPO staff during and immediately after the Rising.

(Stephen Ferguson)

DUBLIN’S GPO – COMMUNICATIONS HUB AND FORTRESS

There is surely no other building in Ireland that can draw from Irish people the same recognition, affection and respect that is felt for Dublin’s General Post Office. For nearly two hundred years now, it has stood in the capital’s O’Connell Street, an ever-present and impartial witness to the dramas, great and small, that unfold before it day by day. It is important not just as the long-standing principal office of the Irish Post Office and as a building of considerable architectural significance in Dublin’s city centre, but also as the birthplace, in Easter 1916, of an independent Ireland. No other Irish public building can claim this unique heritage and, before hearing the voices of the GPO staff who in 1916 knew the building only as the headquarters of the Post Office, it is fitting that the grand old lady of O’Connell Street should set the scene for the events that would change the course of Irish history.

The old GPO had been located in College Green but by the start of the nineteenth century was in poor repair, so when a site which had been the location of a temporary military barracks became available in what was then Sackville Street, the idea of building a grand new Post Office as the centrepiece of a streetscape that would run all the way from the Liffey to the Rotunda, was accepted. The architect selected was Francis Johnston, a County Armagh man, who was architect to the Board of Works. The son of a builder who also dabbled in architecture, Johnston was born in 1760 and started his career as architect to the Archbishop of Armagh, Richard Robinson. He did work, both ecclesiastical and domestic, for a number of patrons before his appointment in 1805 to the Board of Works where the emphasis was on civic architecture.

The foundation stone of the new GPO was laid on 12 August 1814 and the building was opened for business less than four years later on 6 January 1818. It is, by any standards, a very fine Post Office and predates – much to the satisfaction of Irish Post Office pride – the completion of a new London GPO by over a decade. It is, in keeping with much of Johnston’s work, a solid and rather severe building, a touch institutional perhaps, in the opinion of the late Maurice Craig, who did so much to foster an appreciation of Dublin’s architecture. Built of Wicklow granite with a portico of Portland stone, the building was just over 220 feet long, 150 deep and rose 50 feet to the top of the cornice. Six Ionic columns support the central portico which spans the pavement in front of the building and, from their commanding position above the pediment, three fine symbolic statues by John Smyth survey the street. Hibernia, with her harp, stands proudly in the centre with Fidelity, the cardinal virtue of any postal service, on her left and Mercury, the winged messenger of the gods, on her right.

As GPO business developed and expanded during the nineteenth century, space became tight and the building was subject to various additions and refurbishments. Long before Pearse and Connolly entered the building on Easter Monday 1916, business expansion into areas like savings, telegraphs and telephones meant that staff accommodation in the GPO had disappeared. By the beginning of the twentieth century the building had been internally remodelled so many times that Francis Johnston himself might have found it hard to recognise his own work. The main Public Office was quite inadequate for business and the building was the butt of Dublin wits who said it was the only building on the street which had no door – the main public entrance being around the corner in Prince’s Street!

Dublin’s General Post Office – a building of remarkable emotional and historical interest.

(Stephen Ferguson)

The Board of Works undertook a programme of significant renovation, including the acquisition of neighbouring property, in stages, in the decade leading up to the Rising. The railings outside the GPO were removed, the main entrance doorway was restored to the front of the building and long-standing critics of the cramped and dingy Public Office were silenced by the creation of a spacious, light-filled public area, fitted out with Burmese teak counters and vitreous mosaic floors. A beautiful public telephone kiosk, crowned by a clock – destined to be the detention place of one of the first prisoners of the forthcoming Irish Republic – can be clearly seen in the photograph of the interior taken on completion of the building works in March 1916. The press, the public and the editor of The Irish Builder were uniformly impressed: little did they know that the time to appreciate this gleaming new office would be limited to just a few weeks.

What, it may be asked, was in the minds of the 1916 leaders as they watched progress on the GPO building work? Tom Clarke’s shop was only round the corner and James Connolly’s Liberty Hall a short stroll down Abbey Street. They must have seen it virtually every day and been into it dozens of times. When was it decided that the GPO would serve as headquarters of the rebellion? Who took that decision? Such was the secrecy that attended the planning of the Rising – secrecy ensuring that, on this occasion at least, agents and informers were not able to penetrate the core of the movement – that with the execution of its leaders it became impossible to answer these questions.

The building, certainly, had defensive strengths, with Johnston’s central block possessing an ‘opulent severity’, something that sounds like it would at least discourage potential besiegers.1

Its thick walls, basement vaults and extensive size suggest a structure that could well serve as a temporary fortress. Its roofline commanded a strategic sweep of the city centre and would have made an assault difficult and costly. It occupied a large site, with good communication lines to the north and west, although with a less satisfactory route to the south, down Williams’ Lane. If symbolism is needed, it could be said that the GPO was the civil representative of imperial power on the north side of the Liffey, the building which most prominently flew the flag on the occasion of royal visits.

What can be said with certainty is that someone within the inner circle that planned the Rising appreciated the importance of communications. Martin King, for instance, a cable joiner in the Post Office and Irish Citizen Army man, recalled being asked by James Connolly towards the end of 1915 ‘if he wanted to cut communication with England, how would he go about it.’2

That there was also a perceptive understanding of broader public relations issues is clear from the composition and printing of the Proclamation, from the publication of Irish War News and from the ingenious attempt to broadcast by Morse code news of the Rising from the roof of a premises across the road from the GPO. The last generation of revolutionaries sought control of radio and television stations, today’s have at their disposal the extraordinary power of the internet, a medium much less amenable to the exclusive control of a single authority. Those who planned the Rising were not so well equipped, but clearly understood the relevance and importance of the well-established telegraph network and the newer telephone system.

On Easter Monday 1916, confusion from the previous day’s countermanding orders, lack of men and perhaps a little bad luck destroyed what had been a bold plan. Within a short time, the ingenuity and bravery of Post Office staff wrested back control of communications and, for all practical purposes, determined the outcome of the Rising. This is why the Post Office mattered and why, above all else, the GPO became the headquarters of the 1916 leaders.

________________

1. Maurice Craig, Dublin 1660–1860, p. 285.

2. Bureau of Military History (BMH) WS 0543.