Great War Britain Manchester: Remembering 1914-18 E-Book

Andrew Simpson

• Herausgeber: The History Press
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 140

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2017

Beschreibung

The First World War claimed over 995,000 British lives, and its legacy continues to be remembered today.Great War Britain: Manchester offers an intimate portrayal of the city and its people living in the shadow of the Great War. A beautifully illustrated and highly accessible volume, it explores the city's regiments, the background and fate of the men on the frontline, the changing face of industry, the vital role of women, conscientious objectors, hospitals for the wounded and rehabilitation, peace celebrations, the fallen heroes and war memorials. The Great War story of Manchester is told through the voices of those who were there and is vividly illustrated with evocative images.

Leseprobe

The Sentry, 1921, commemorating employees of S&J Watts & Co.

First published in 2017

The History Press

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This ebook edition first published in 2017

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© Andrew Simpson, 2017

The right of Andrew Simpson to be identified as the Author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

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EPUB ISBN 978 0 7509 8193 4

Original typesetting by The History Press

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CONTENTS

Timeline

Acknowledgements & Picture Credits

Introduction: A Century On

1.     Manchester in 1914

2.     Adjusting to War

3.     Digging Deep

4.     Life on the Home Front

5.     Armistice

6.     Legacy

7.     Postscript

About the Author

Bibliography

TIMELINE

1914

28 June 1914

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo

4 August 1914

Great Britain declares war on Germany

13 August 1914

Internment of first batch of German residents

23 August 1914

Battle of Tannenberg commences

31 August 1914

Recruiting begins for 1st City (Pals) Battalion

6 September 1914

First Battle of the Marne

19 October 1914

First Battle of Ypres

25 November 1914

Recruitment begins for the 8th and last Pals Battalion

1915

25 April 1915

Allied landing at Gallipoli

7 May 1915

Germans torpedo and sink theLusitania

11 May 1915

Anti-German riots in Openshaw

31 May 1915

First German Zeppelin raid on London

31 July 1915

First prosecutions of Manchester workers for going on strike

20 December 1915

Allies finish their evacuation of and withdrawal from Gallipoli

1916

24 January 1916

The British Government introduces conscription

21 February 1916

Battle of Verdun commences

23 February 1916

1st City Battalion deployed to Manchester Hill

31 May 1916

Battle of Jutland

4 June 1916

Brusilov Offensive commences

6 June 1916

Harold Wild attends a hearing at Hulme Town Hall to review his appeal for exception from military conscription

1 July 1916

First day of the Battle of the Somme with 57,000 British casualties

27 August 1916

Italy declares war on Germany

18 December 1916

Battle of Verdun ends

1917

6 April 1917

The United States declares war on Germany

9 April 1917

Battle of Arras

18 May 1917

Leaders of Manchester engineering union arrested

31 July 1917

Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)

20 August 1917

Third Battle of Verdun

26 October 1917

Second Battle of Passchendaele

20 November 1917

Battle of Cambrai

7 December 1917

USA declares war on Austria-Hungary

18 December 1917

The Manchester Tank Bank

1918

3 March 1918

Russia and the Central Powers sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

21 March 1918

Second Battle of the Somme

21 March 1918

The Manchester Hill offensive saw heavy causalities to the 1st and 2nd City Battalions

17 June 1918

George Davison killed in action

15 July 1918

Second Battle of the Marne

16 July 1918

First units of the US Army parade through Manchester

8 August 1918

Battle of Amiens, first stage of the Hundred Days Offensive

22 September 1918

The Great Allied Balkan victory

27 September 1918

Storming of the Hindenburg Line

8 November 1918

Armistice negotiations commence

9 November 1918

Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicates, Germany is declared a Republic

1924

12 July 1924

Cenotaph unveiled

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS & PICTURE CREDITS

The following images are courtesy of:

Moss, Harold, ©Together Trust, page 39.

Wild, Harold, picture and extracts from his diary, ‘The Diary of a Conscientious Objector, 1915-1919’, courtesy of his daughter, Mrs Dorothy Spence, page 81.

Mrs Fisher, from the collection of Ken Fisher, page 114.

Jones, William Henry, receipt from Southern Cemetery, 1918, from the collection of Bob Jones, page 109.

Replica Cenotaph, c. 1924, from the collection of Nicola O’Niel, page 104.

Simpson, George Bradford, photograph c. 1918 and message from the Queen, 1999, from the collection of Andrew Simpson, page 122.

All remaining images courtesy of David Harrop.

INTRODUCTION

A CENTURY ON

The Great War has all but faded from living memory. Those men and women who played an active part in the conflict are now long gone and soon their children will have passed away too. In addition, some of the war memorials are at risk of being lost either through neglect and the passage of time or, in the case of a few, taken down and casually forgotten about. All of this does nothing for our perception of the First World War, which is now overlaid with misconceptions and omissions.

It starts with the photographs of men and women whose images are frozen in a moment in time, so we either see them as young and eager, staring back at us in ill-fitting uniforms or grey munitions overalls, or, more recently, as frail pensioners with faltering voices and walking sticks who were venerated as the last of their generation. But that is to forget that the majority of them lived full productive lives, contributed to their community, and got on with the daily demands of work, family and holidays long after the war had been consigned to the history books.

Clara, wearing the cap of the East Lancashire Regiment.

The Manchester’s at Haywards Heath, undated postcard.

And I doubt that they would always share the currently popularly held views of the war which pretty much are limited to the battlefields of France, the role of women in the munitions factories and the odd Zeppelin raid. They might well instead have pointed to the huge rise in the cost of living, the anger at perceived profiteering and defended the walkouts, strikes and demonstrations which rumbled through the four years of war.

All dressed up: possibly a picture for a serving soldier from his wife.

Two munitions workers.

Nor, I suspect, would the women engaged in the war effort have recognised that idea that they were welcomed into the workforce by a grateful nation, when in reality many experienced some discrimination, were often on lower wage rates than men doing similar work, and might have had to juggle their working life with the demands of bringing up a family.

Wedding party at Hough End Hall, May 1915.

The people of Manchester, Salford and the surrounding townships made a huge and willing contribution to the war effort, seen in the large numbers who volunteered for the Pals Battalions, the support given to local Red Cross hospitals and the numerous war funds, the sacrifices made in the homes and workplaces from Ancoats to Whalley Range, and, above all, in the personal sacrifices, like that of Mrs Bingle of Ardwick who lost three of her sons in the last year of the war, or Mr and Mrs Lunt of Chorlton-cum-Hardy who lost two sons in the space of twenty days in 1917.

Private Douglas Brown displaying the wound stripe.

So this is their story, told not just from the official reports and newspapers but also from letters and photographs and other personal items reflecting their work, recreation, putting food on the table and waiting for news from the Front.

Andrew Simpson

Manchester, 2017

1

MANCHESTER IN 1914

In the summer of 1914, Manchester, like many other cities across the country, was a place of contrasts. After a century and a half of economic growth it was a showcase of wealth and opportunity, with fine civic buildings, grand offices and prestigious warehouses, along with impressive railway stations and the Ship Canal, which united Manchester and Salford to the sea, and to the vast markets of the world.

Piccadilly, early twentieth century.

Those decades of industrial enterprise are recorded for all to see across the city. In the Town Hall the names and coats of arms of the principle cities and countries which traded with Manchester are proudly displayed, while the day-to-day business of commerce operated in the bustling exchanges where commodities were bought and sold and commercial intelligence was shared. The city owed much to the textile industry but was also a centre of engineering and metal work, had its own deep shaft colliery and was home to countless smaller businesses specializing in everything from shipping insurance to tobacco manufacturers.

Cross Street, early twentieth century.

But less than a mile from all this glittering and solid evidence of success were the narrow streets, dark alleys and run-down parts of the city where ‘poverty still busied itself’.1 Manchester no longer had the slums which social observers Dr Kay and Frederick Engels had recorded in the early to mid nineteenth century, but there was still much that was grim and daunting.

The estimated total population of Manchester in 1914 was 731,830, and of that 210,494 were men between the ages of 15 and 45 years.

In 1904, a report on housing conditions drew attention to the ‘many houses at present occupied [which] are unwholesome, because they have been badly built or are in need of repair. Such houses are frequently damp and cold. Many of them are old and dirty.’ These suffered from a lack of basic sanitation and ventilation. Added to which, ‘many of them have too many people living in them for the size and number of rooms’ with rents ‘on average very little lower than those paid for good houses in other parts of the town.’2

Market Street, early twentieth century.

St Peter’s Square, early twentieth century.

The report focused on parts of Ancoats, Ardwick, Hulme, and Chorlton-on-Medlock as well as Salford, where life at the turn of the century was still an unpredictable struggle to make ends meet and where unemployment, illness or the death of the main wage earner could pitch a family into destitution and the workhouse.

In 1911 a full 9 per cent of young people in Manchester between the ages of 10 and 14 were at work, which in the case of boys rose from just 1 per cent of those aged 10-12 to 30 per cent by their 14th birthday.

Looking at the list of charities is to appreciate just how many of the poor citizens of Manchester might be forced into asking for help. They ranged from the Ragged School, through to those for ‘Destitute Women’ and ‘Inebriate Women’, to a vast array of night shelters and asylums, as well as support groups for ex-prisoners and army veterans. In 1911 there were twenty-nine orphanages and homes for children across the city, along with the Open All-Night Children’s Shelter, the St Vincent’s Night Shelter and Home for Girls, and the fourteen centres operated by the Manchester and Salford Boys’ and Girls’ Refuges and Homes, which had been established in 1870 to provide a bed and meal for homeless young boys but quickly expanded to provide much more.3 This included long-stay accommodation, training for work, as well as campaigning against the use of children as cheap labour and prosecuting neglectful parents.

The Royal Exchange, early twentieth century.

OUT ON THE TOWN

The city offered plenty in the way of attractions, ranging from open-air spaces to theatres, art galleries and cinemas. At the most basic level there were fifty-seven recreational grounds, from the small space in Chorlton-cum-Hardy which covered 2 acres with a children’s play space and neatly laid flower beds broken by expanses of grass, to the Marie Louise Gardens which had over 4 acres and was described as a haven of tranquillity.

There were also the big parks. On the northern side of the city there was Heaton Park and Queen’s Park, and at the southern end there was Platt Fields in Fallowfield and Alexandra Park in Moss Side.

The city boasted forty-two halls and assembly rooms offering everything from debates and lectures to music recitals. The discerning member of the public might sit one day in the grand surroundings of Manchester Town Hall and on another in the equally impressive Free Trade Hall on Peter Street, or travel across town by Corporation tram to the Independent Labour Party Hall in Gorton, and, on a whim, attend an event in the modest room of the Conservative Association on Burton Road in West Didsbury.

If you just wanted a night out there was a clutch of theatres or music halls, some bigger than others and some more prestigious. They might have included the Palace Theatre of Varieties on Oxford Street, the Hippodrome at Hulme or the Empire at Ardwick Green, and of these your fancy might well have been taken by ‘What Price London? A revue in three scenes with a full company of 40 artistes’ at the Empire during early July 1914.

Just two months later and with the war well underway the entertainment reflected the changed situation. The Hippodrome on Oxford Street staged ‘a Grand Patriotic Scene: Soldiers of the King’ while Belle Vue staged ‘the Grand spectacle of the Battle of Kandahar’. During the war ‘admission was 6d All Day Every Day’. These may have seemed quite tame compared to the attractions of the new picture houses. The Deansgate could seat 1,500 and through April 1914 their rivals on Market Street and Oxford Road were ‘full to the doors with hundreds waiting for admission’.

Nicholas Road, Chorlton; one of the new suburbs, c. 1914.

With the uncertainty of war, work was rapidly diminishing, with some warehouses closing early and employers exploring short-time work. Many dockers were unable to get work and it was feared that the number of unemployed would increase daily.

Life expectancy amongst male manual workers was still low, and child labour was common in factories. Against this there was a steady rise in the cost of food and fuel, while wages failed to keep pace, culminating in a wave of strikes which swept the country. During 1911 and into 1912, carters, labourers in the engineering works, municipal workers and railwaymen all came out on strike in Manchester.

The city was also at the forefront of the campaign to extend the franchise which Mrs Annot Robinson – a well known and respected campaigner for women’s rights and social justice for all – argued was about empowering women to allow ‘them to have some share of political power’, pointing out that in Manchester girls worked long hours for just six, seven, or eight shillings a week, and in the mackintosh trade wages sank below even that. ‘It was this underpayment of girls that incited them to evil living. If women were given an opportunity of influencing the laws of the land matters would be mended.’4

Sandwiched between these extremes of wealth and poverty were those who made their living from a range of professional and clerical occupations and could afford to move to the more comfortable suburbs south of the city, which were close to the countryside but within easy reach of the city centre.

This exodus had started as early as the 1830s but began in earnest in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, made possible by the provision of mains water, improved sanitation and gas supplies and helped further by new railway links and the expansion of the Corporation tram network. It was a development which prompted the Manchester Evening News to report that ‘the green fields of one summer are the roads and avenues of the next.’5 These suburban houses ranged from the tall semi-detached properties which could be rented for between £25 and £35 a year down to the ‘six shilling a week homes ... modest four-roomed houses with plenty of breathing space’.6

Children preparing for a procession from Harpurhey – possibly a Whit Walk – in the early 1900s.

These new communities were supported by their own shopping centres and a wide range of cultural and sporting activities, allowing the clerk or university lecturer the opportunity to relax in the evening or at weekends with a game of tennis, an operatic recital or debate the major issues of the day knowing that his children – after a day in any one of a number of private schools – could walk the nearby fields.