Greek and Latin Roots of Medical and Scientific Terminologies E-Book

Todd A. Curtis

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1212

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2024

Beschreibung

New edition of an established, well-regarded, and evidence-based resource on the subject of renal nursing

Greek and Latin Roots of Medical and Scientific Terminologies explains the Greek and Latin origins of the roots, prefixes, and suffixes of terms used in “med-speak,” the specialized language of medicine, science, and healthcare. By presenting medical terms in their historical context, this innovative textbook discusses relevant aspects of ancient Greek and Roman medical theories and practices while teaching students to apply principles of word analysis, synthesis, and pronunciation. Clear and accessible chapters—organized around the modern categories of body systems—contain thorough explanations of ancient medico-scientific culture, etymological notes, images, tables of vocabulary, and a range of exercises designed to increase student comprehension and retention.

Divided into two units, the text first introduces the historical background of ancient Greek medicine and describes the principles of analyzing, constructing, pronouncing, and spelling medical terms. It then discusses Latin and Greek grammar and modern nomenclature in medicine, natural sciences, chemistry, and pharmacy. The second unit teaches the Greek and Latin prefixes, suffixes, roots, eponyms, and loan words relevant to the systems of the body: integumentary, musculoskeletal, circulatory, respiratory, nervous, endocrine, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems. Allowing instructors to teach medical terminology as a true classical civilizations course, this unique volume:

• Features the history of ancient Greek medicine and explains the ancient Greek and Latin origins of medical terms and how they came to have their current meaning
• Covers the loan words, eponyms, and the components of basic medico-scientific terms, providing topical tables of commonly used prefixes, suffixes, and roots
• Includes a list of common abbreviations and symbols used in medico-scientific writing
• Teaches abbreviated Latin grammatical paradigms necessary for anatomical taxonomy
• Uses a programmed learning approach that features numerous activities and exercises, including analyzing and constructing terms, interpreting passages from medical notes and scientific journals, and identification and spelling questions

Linking medical terms to the history, literature, and mythology of ancient culture, Greek and Latin Roots of Medical and Scientific Terminologies is an ideal introductory textbook for college-level medical terminology courses, particularly those taught by Classicists.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright Page

To the Student

Who Is This Textbook Written For?

What Will You Learn?

What Information Is in the Vocabulary Tables?

What Is the Best Way to Learn the Word Elements in This Textbook?

To the Instructor

Acknowledgments

About the Companion Website

Unit I: Basics of Medical and Scientific Terminology

1 The Historical Origins of Greek and Latin in Medical Terminology

Historical Origins of Greek in Medical Terminology

Historical Origins of Latin in Medical Terminology

Asclepius and the Symbols of Medicine

Famous Ancient Greek Physicians

Hippocrates

Galen

2 Greek and Latin Word Elements in Medical Terminology

Lessons from History:

Aphorism

1.1 and Etymology

Etymological Terms

Semantics

Spelling

Pluralization

Pronunciation

Vocabulary

3 Anatomical Terminology

Lessons from History: Alexandrian Origins of Human Dissection and the Rise of Anatomical Latin

Latin Anatomical Nouns

Greek Anatomical Nouns

Latin Anatomical Adjectives

4 Diagnostic and Therapeutic Terminology

Lessons from History: Celsus’ Description of Greek Medicine

Vocabulary

Lessons from History: Celsus on the Preservation of Health

Vocabulary

Lessons from History: Celsus and the Diagnosis of Disease

Vocabulary

Lessons from History: Celsus and Ancient Greek Surgery

Lessons from History: Hippocratic Epidemics and Progress Notes

SOAP Notes

5 Chemical and Pharmacological Terminology

Lessons from History: The Greek Alphabet and Modern Scientific Notation

Lessons from History: The Four Classical Elements and the Elements of Chemistry

Etymological Explanations: Chemical Elements

Lessons from History: Ancient Greek Drugs and Modern Pharmaceutical Terminology

Etymological Explanations: The Abbreviations and Symbols Used in Prescriptions

Unit II: Body Systems

6 Integumentary System

Lessons from History: Ancient and Modern Concepts of Skin and Its Appendages

Etymological Explanations: Common Terms and Word Elements for the Anatomy of the Integumentary System

Lessons from History: Hippocrates’

On Ulcers

and Dermatology

Etymological Explanations: Lesions

Lessons from History: Skin Color in Ancient Greek Medicine and Science

Vocabulary

Lessons from History: Terms for Skin Diseases in Ancient Greek and Modern Medicine

Lessons from History: Cosmetics and Plastic Surgery in Ancient Greek Medicine

Etymological Explanations: Grafts

Vocabulary

7 Musculoskeletal System

Etymological Explanations: Common Terms and Word Elements for the General Parts of the Musculoskeletal System

Etymological Explanations: Greek and Latin Roots for the Parts of Bones

Lessons from History: Galen’s Bones for Beginners and the Teaching of Anatomy

Etymological Explanations: Greek and Latin Roots for the Skeletal Bones

Etymological Explanations: Greek and Latin Roots for the Parts and Movements of Muscles

Lessons from History: Muscles in Ancient Greek Medicine

Lessons from History: History of Orthopedics and Hippocratic Medicine

Etymological Explanations: Greek and Latin Roots for Orthopedic Terms

8 Cardiovascular System, Blood, and Lymph

Lessons from History: Galen’s Theory of Blood Flow and the Circulation of Blood

Etymological Explanations: Common Terms and Word Elements for the Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System

Lessons from History: The Pulse and the Diagnosis of Disease

Etymological Explanations: Common Terms and Word Elements for the Physiology of Cardiovascular System

Lessons from History: Changing Concepts of Blood

Etymological Explanations: Common Terms and Word Elements for Blood and Lymph

Etymological Explanations: Pathologies of Blood and Lymph

9 Respiratory System

Lessons from History: Aristotle’s Theory of Respiration

Etymological Explanations: Common Terms and Word Elements for the Anatomy of Respiratory System

Lessons from History: Ancient and Modern Notions of Air

Etymological Explanations: Respiration and Air

Lessons from History:

Hippocratic Diagnosis and Treatment of Empyema

Etymological Explanations: Pathologies of the Respiratory System

10 Nervous System and Psychology

Lessons from History: Mental Faculties and the Ventricles Brain in Ancient Philosophy and Medicine

Etymological Explanations: Common Terms and Word Elements for the Anatomy of the Nervous System

Etymological Explanations: Common Terms and Word Elements for the Physiology and Pathophysiology of the Nervous System

Lessons from History: Mental Illness in Ancient Greek Medicine

Etymological Explanations: Common Terms and Word Elements for Psychological Terms

11 Eye, Ear, and Special Senses

Lessons from History: Aristotle’s Hierarchy of Senses

Etymological Explanations: Common Terms and Word Elements for the Five Senses

Etymological Explanations: Common Terms and Word Elements for the Anatomy of the Eye

Etymological Explanations: Common Terms and Word Elements for the Pathologies of the Eye

Etymological Explanations: Common Terms and Word Elements for the Anatomy of the Ear

Etymological Explanations: Common Terms and Word Elements for the Pathologies of the Ear

12 Endocrine System

Lessons from History: Paradigm, Perception, and the Pineal Gland

Etymological Explanations: Common Terms and Word Elements for the Anatomy and Physiology of Glands

Etymological Explanations: Common Terms and Word Elements for Hormones

Etymological Explanations: Common Terms and Word Elements for the Physiology and Pathophysiology of the Endocrine System

13 Gastrointestinal System

Lessons from History: The Gastrointestinal System and Figures of Speech

Etymological Explanations: Common Terms and Word Elements for the Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal System

Lessons from History: Digestion and Diet in Hippocratic and Modern Medicine

Etymological Explanations: Common Terms and Word Elements for Aliment, Digestion, and Defecation

Etymological Explanations: Common Terms and Word Elements for Pathologies of the Gastrointestinal System

14 Urinary System

Lessons from History: Ancient Greek Medical Explanations of the Physiology of the Urinary System

Etymological Explanations: Common Terms and Word Elements for the Anatomy of the Urinary System

Lessons from History: Uroscopy and Urinalysis

Etymological Explanations: Common Terms and Word Elements for Urine and Urination

Lessons from History: Lithotomy and the Hippocratic Oath

15 Male and Female Reproductive Systems

Lessons from History:

Ancient Greek and Roman Conceptions of the Penis

Etymological Explanations: Common Terms and Word Elements for the Male Reproductive System

Lessons from History:

Society and Ancient Greek Medicine’s Interpretation of the Female Genitalia

Etymological Explanations: Common Terms and Word Elements for the Female Reproductive System

Lessons from History:

The Formation of the Fetus, Abortion, and Birth Defects in Ancient Greek Medicine and Society

Etymological Explanations: Obstetrics

Appendix A: Greek and Latin Word Elements

Appendix B: Latin Grammar for Anatomical Latin

Abbreviated Paradigms for Nouns Used in Anatomical Latin

Abbreviated Paradigms for Adjectives Commonly Used in Anatomical Latin

End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Fig. 1.1 The uvula hanging like a cluster of grapes in the oral cavity.

Fig. 1.2 Clustering of

Staphylococcus aureus

under a scanning electron micro...

Fig. 1.3 Machaon (left) and Podalirius (right) on the title page for the

Ann

...

Fig. 1.4 Hermes (Mercury) and a merchant approach a disapproving Asclepius. ...

Fig. 1.5 The printer’s symbol for Johann Froben’s 1538 edition of the Hippoc...

Fig. 1.6 Frontispiece is from Thomas Linacre's Latin translation (Paris, S. ...

Fig. 1.7 Image is from the title page of the 1565 Junta edition of Galen’s w...

Chapter 2

Fig. 2.1 Logo for the Society of Ancient Medicine.

Fig. 2.2 Illustration of the Greek god Proteus by Andrea Alciato from

The Bo

...

Fig. 2.3 Colonies of

Proteus mirabilis

bacteria.

Chapter 3

Fig. 3.1 Detail of a 16

th

century woodcut depicting Herophilus and Erasistra...

Fig. 3.2 First of a series of images on the muscles in A. Vesalius,

De human

...

Fig. 3.3 Latin names for the parts of the human body.

Fig. 3.4 Planes, positions, and directions of human and quadruped animals....

Chapter 4

Fig. 4.1 Artist depiction Aulus Cornelius Celsus and the title page of a 174...

Fig. 4.2 Anonymous woodcut of the “Symphony of Plato” (1516). The image is o...

Fig. 4.3 Although ancient Greek medicine was predominately practiced by men,...

Fig. 4.4 Image of Chaucer’s “Doctour of Phisyk,” who is holding a matula (a ...

Fig. 4.5 Image of 1682 Jeton (token) of a corporation of surgeons. The front...

Fig. 4.6 Image of Pentelic marble statue of the Greek goddess of health, Hyg...

Fig. 4.7 Image of Hippocrates averting an impending plague (

Hippocrates immi

...

Fig. 4.8 Image of a boy with atrophy of his right arm due to acute anterior ...

Fig. 4.9 Picture of an observable carcinoma of patient’s breast. The patient...

Fig. 4.10 Image of 13

th

century trepanation.

Fig. 4.11 1.

Hedrodiastoleus

(rectal speculum), 2.

lithoulkos

(stone scoop),...

Fig. 4.12

Staphylagra

(uvula forceps) from a collection of surgical instrume...

Chapter 5

Fig. 5.1 Bust of Nero, c. 1

st

‐century AD, Capitoline Museum.

Fig. 5.2 The Latin and Greek spellings of the Nero’s name and their respecti...

Fig. 5.3 Image of the different elemental theories in philosophy and medicin...

Fig. 5.4 Periodic table of elements as of 2016.

Fig. 5.5 Roman image of Cronus with his iconic sickle being offered a swaddl...

Fig. 5.6 Image of a 3

rd

‐century‐AD Roman base relief of Prometheus creating ...

Fig. 5.7 Woodcut image of Hermes (Mercurius) Trismegistus with the alchemica...

Fig. 5.8 Sample of abbreviations used in prescriptions.

Fig. 5.9 The

theta nigrum

in a 4

th

‐century AD gladiatorial scene from a mosa...

Chapter 6

Fig. 6.1 Image of a 3rd century AD Roman mosaic of a hydraulis (Gr.

hydor

, w...

Fig. 6.2 In this anatomical image of the layers of the skin, note that the c...

Fig. 6.3 Line drawing of a Roman toga (left) and a tunica (right).

Fig. 6.4 Anatomical Latin terms for skin.

Fig. 6.5 Anatomical Latin terms for the nail (unguis).

Fig. 6.6 S. A. Sewell’s drawing of the lower leg and foot of a female patien...

Fig. 6.7 Image of types of primary and secondary lesions.

Fig. 6.8 Image of Linnaeus’ classification of Homo sapiens.

Caroli Linnaei …

...

Fig. 6.9 Photograph of a man with elephantiasis in the right leg.

Fig. 6.10 Painting by Thomas Godart of a hand with dry gangrene. St Bartholo...

Fig. 6.11 Painting by C. D’Alton of feet of a woman with sloughing phagedena...

Fig. 6.12 Painting of a woman's face infected with impetigo from

Leçons sur

...

Fig. 6.13 Ventral view of a pubic louse.

Fig. 6.14 Illustration of the torso of a young man with herpes zoster (commo...

Fig. 6.15 Illustration depicting Scabies purulenta (top) and Scabies porcina...

Fig. 6.16 Illustration depicting the torso of a man with psoriasis.

Fig. 6.17 Illustration of lupus erythematosus.

Fig. 6.18 Illustration of a case of Tinea favosa capitis (honeycomb ringworm...

Fig. 6.19 Image and description of operation for the correction of mutilatio...

Chapter 7

Fig. 7.1 Anatomical Latin terms for the

Junctura synovialis

(synovial joint)...

Fig. 7.2 The right tibia, as seen from above, showing the lateral and medial...

Fig. 7.3 The battle for the body of Achilles in a 6

th

century BC Chalcidian ...

Fig. 7.4 Anatomical Latin terms for the parts of the

os logum

(long bone), w...

Fig. 7.5 Image of Galen finding a skeleton found in William Cheselden,

The A

...

Fig. 7.6 2

nd

century AD Roman sculpture of Atlas holding a celestial dome wi...

Fig. 7.7 Bronze Roman fibula (broach).

Fig. 7.8 Anatomical Latin terms for the bones of the skeleton.

Fig. 7.9 Anatomical Latin terms for the vertebral column, image from Fig. 37...

Fig. 7.10 Anatomical Latin terms for the parts of a vertebra:

Corpus vertebr

...

Fig. 7.11 Anatomical Latin terms for the ribcage.

Fig. 7.12 Anatomical Latin terms for the bones of the upper extremity, image...

Fig. 7.13 Anatomical Latin terms for the bones of the lower extremity, image...

Fig. 7.14 Anatomical Latin terms for the muscles:

Caput musculi

(heat/origin...

Fig. 7.15 Internal parts of muscle.

Fig. 7.16 Image of Roman fasces.

Fig. 7.17 Image of the glossocomion and the recurrent laryngeal nerve. The g...

Fig. 7.18 Composite of the eight images that are collectively known as Vesal...

Fig. 7.19 Anatomical Latin terms for the movements of the body.

Fig. 7.20 Frontispiece of Nicolas Andry de Bois‐Regard,

Orthopédie

, 174...

Fig. 7.21 16

th

century woodcut depicting one of the Hippocratic methods for ...

Fig. 7.22

Mochliskos

(top two surgical instruments) and

Osteotome

(bottom tw...

Fig. 7.23

Ostagra

from the collection of surgical instruments found at Pompe...

Fig. 7.24 Genu valgum and varum.

Fig. 7.25 Types of fractures.

Fig. 7.26 Image of excessive kyphosis of the thoracic spine.

Fig. 7.27 Image of excessive lordosis of the lumbar spine.

Fig. 7.28 An anatomical illustration of scoliosis in the German edition of

A

...

Fig. 7.29 X‐ray of the lateral lumbar spine with a spondylolisthesis at L5‐S...

Fig. 7.30 Deformity of the hands, simulating rheumatoid arthritis. St Bartho...

Chapter 8

Fig. 8.1 Image of Galen’s cardiovascular system form.

Fig. 8.2 Image of the hepatic portal vein system.

Fig. 8.3 Leonardo da Vinci’s depiction of the ventricles and the septum of t...

Fig. 8.4 Diagram illustrating William Harvey's experiments on the valves of ...

Fig. 8.5 Anatomical Latin for the heart.

Fig. 8.6 Leonardo da Vinci’s image depicts the ventricles with a high arched...

Fig. 8.7 Line drawing of an amphora with ear‐like handles.

Fig. 8.8 Woodcut of Saint Nicholas receiving the mitre from angel.

Fig. 8.9 The mosaic referred to as “ancient bikini girls,” was excavated at ...

Fig. 8.10 Anatomical Latin terms for the blood vessels.

Fig. 8.11 Erasistratus recognizing Antiochus’ lovesickness for Stratonice. S...

Fig. 8.12 Image of abdominal and thoracic aneurysms provided by the National...

Fig. 8.13 Since 2002, Greece has had an image of Europa riding a bull (Zeus)...

Fig. 8.14 Marble votive relieve dedicated to Asclepius in Athens, c. 4th cen...

Fig. 8.15 Image of aortic coarctation.

Fig. 8.16 Image of cardiac tamponade.

Fig. 8.17 Image of myocardial infarct.

Fig. 8.18 Relief for a 2nd‐century‐AD physician. The child with the distende...

Fig. 8.19 Image of hematopoiesis.

Fig. 8.20 The Greek goddess Eos is holding her son Memnon, who has been kill...

Fig. 8.21 The anatomical Latin terms for the lymphatic system.

Fig. 8.22 Plague victim in bed pointing out to three physicians the swelling...

Fig. 8.23 Image of the different types of blood cells associated with poikil...

Chapter 9

Fig. 9.1 Bellows have played a part in the history of medicine, as can be se...

Fig. 9.2 Scala Naturae depicted in

Oeuvres d'histoire naturelle

, 1781....

Fig. 9.3 Anatomical Latin for the respiratory system.

Fig. 9.4 Anatomical Latin for the nose and paranasal sinuses.

Fig. 9.5 Anatomical Latin for the larynx.

Fig. 9.6 Anatomical Latin for the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.

Fig. 9.7 Anatomical Latin for the bronchioles and alveoli.

Fig. 9.8 Anatomical Latin for the lungs.

Fig. 9.9 Anatomical Latin for the cavities of the body.

Fig. 9.10 Image of woman being etherized from John Snow’s (1847)

On the Inha

...

Fig. 9.11 CT transection of the thoracic space. Image and description from D...

Fig. 9.12 Diagram of the stethoscope in Laennec’s

De l'auscultation médiate,

...

Fig. 9.13 Image of Pneumothorax.

Fig. 9.14 Image of Emphysema.

Fig. 9.15 “An anteroposterior X‐ray of a patient diagnosed with advanced bil...

Chapter 10

Fig. 10.1 Image of the four cerebral ventricles.

Fig. 10.2 Leonardo da Vinci’s images of the ventricles based on his wax‐inje...

Fig. 10.3 Leonardo da Vinci’s depiction of the ventricles as a series of cav...

Fig. 10.4 Vesalius'

De humani corporis fabrica

, figure on plate 609, modific...

Fig. 10.5 Anatomical Latin for the brain (

encephalon

).

Fig. 10.6 Lobes and gyri of the cerebrum.

Fig. 10.7 Anatomical Latin for the spinal cord (

medulla spinalis

).

Fig. 10.8 Anatomical Latin for the spinal cord (

medulla spinalis

) and nerves...

Fig. 10.9 Anatomical Latin for the parts of nerve (

nervus

).

Fig. 10.10 Image of the innervation and function of the parasympathetic and ...

Fig. 10.11 Image of the butterfly known as the

Parnassius mnemosyne

, which i...

Fig. 10.12 An 1818 image of a boy with Sydenham's chorea, which is called Da...

Fig. 10.13 In Greek artwork, Hypnos and Thanatos are commonly depicted as wi...

Fig. 10.14 Line drawing showing opisthotonos in a patient suffering from tet...

Fig. 10.15 Illustration of some of the common types of paralysis.

Fig. 10.16 Image of a quarantine sign during the Polio epidemic of the early...

Fig. 10.17 Gliomata of right temporosphenoidal lobe of the cerebrum. Image m...

Fig. 10.18 Image of the differences between a subdural hematoma and an epidu...

Fig. 10.19 The frontispiece for the 1638 edition of

The Anatomy of Melanchol

...

Fig. 10.20 Image of the four temperaments and their association with physiog...

Fig. 10.21 Fresco of Narcissus staring at his reflection from Pompeii.

Fig. 10.22 Red‐figure Kylix illustrating a Maenad with thyrsus, 510–500 BC. ...

Fig. 10.23 Woodcut engraving of the Greek god Pan from “

Der Olymp oder die M

...

Chapter 11

Fig. 11.1 Anatomical Latin terms for the lacrimal apparatus.

Fig. 11.2 Anatomical Latin terms for the eye.

Fig. 11.3 Mosaic showing a

retiarius

(right) named Kalendio fighting a

secut

...

Fig. 11.4 Image of hyperopia (inferior) and myopia (superior).

Fig. 11.5 Image of the distorted focal points associated with astigmatism.

Fig. 11.6 Image of the different types of strabismus.

Fig. 11.7 Photo of an eye with pterygium.

Fig. 11.8 Image of miosis and mydriasis of the pupil.

Fig. 11.9 Anatomical Latin terms for the ear.

Fig. 11.10 Soldier blowing on a salpinx, image on a 5

th

‐century‐BC kylix (dr...

Fig. 11.11 4

th

‐century‐AD Roman mosaic of a labyrinth with Theseus killing t...

Chapter 12

Fig. 12.1 Location of the pineal gland in the brain.

Fig. 12.2 The famous image in Descartes’

La Dioptrique

(Dioptrics) published...

Fig. 12.3 The duck–rabbit optical illusion that was made famous by Wittgenst...

Fig. 12.4 Modes of secretions.

Fig. 12.5 Anatomical Latin terms for the glands of the endocrine system.

Fig. 12.6 Fresco of an ancient Macedonian soldier bearing a

thureos

shield, ...

Fig. 12.7 Picture of a woman with a large goiter.

Fig. 12.8 Line drawing of a relief in the Vatican Museum depicting a giant f...

Chapter 13

Fig. 13.1 Diagram of the inscriptions with the names of Etruscan gods on the...

Fig. 13.2 Anatomical Latin terms for the oral cavity.

Fig. 13.3 Anatomical Latin terms for the cavities of the body.

Fig. 13.4 Image of the nine regions of the abdominal cavity from Gray’s

Anat

...

Fig. 13.5 Anatomical Latin terms for the esophagus and stomach.

Fig. 13.6 Image on red‐figured kylix (480–470 BC), depicting Oedipus and the...

Fig. 13.7 Anatomical Latin terms for the parts of the lower GI.

Fig. 13.8 Anatomical Latin terms for the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas....

Fig. 13.9 Image of a red‐figured kylix (6

th

century BC), depicting a satyr d...

Fig. 13.10 Image of a man with ascites from Hare’s

Practical Diagnosis

, 1899...

Fig. 13.11 Image of a paraesophageal hernia; a paraesophageal or hiatal hern...

Fig. 13.12 Image of some of the common sites of intestinal hernias.

Fig. 13.13 Image (a) depicts a full‐thickness external rectal prolapse, and ...

Fig. 13.14 Intussusception of the colon.

Fig. 13.15 Intestinal volvulus.

Fig. 13.16 Image of colon with diverticula.

Fig. 13.17 Image of polyps in the ascending colon.

Fig. 13.18 Image of the Greek god Pan playing the syrinx (Pan‐flute).

Fig. 13.19 Image of anal fistulae.

Fig. 13.20 Image of types of hemorrhoids.

Fig. 13.21 Image of the different types of surgical anastomoses: (a) end‐to‐...

Fig. 13.22 Various clysters used in ancient Greek medicine to administer ene...

Chapter 14

Fig. 14.1 Anatomical Latin terms for the urinary system.

Fig. 14.2 Anatomical Latin terms for the kidney.

Fig. 14.3 Nephron and blood vessels.

Fig. 14.4 Image of patients presenting their matulae full of urine to the ph...

Fig. 14.5 Uroscopy wheel with twenty matulae containing urine of different c...

Fig. 14.6 Lithotomy scene from the early 18

th

century. The so‐called term “l...

Fig. 14.7 Kidney stones/renal calculi.

Fig. 14.8 Pathologies of the kidney.

Chapter 15

Fig. 15.1 Image of the uncircumcised penis in Michelangelo’s sculpture of Da...

Fig. 15.2 Depiction of one of the decircumcision surgeries that Celsus descr...

Fig. 15.3 Bronze statue of a Greek Herm (c. 490 BC).

Fig. 15.4 Attic red‐figure plate with an image of a Satyr with pipes and a p...

Fig. 15.5 Fresco of Priapus depicting him weighing his large penis against a...

Fig. 15.6 Anatomical Latin for the external male genitalia.

Fig. 15.7 Anatomical Latin for the internal male genitalia.

Fig. 15.8 Digital exam of the prostate gland. Modified from

Fig. 15.9 Image of various types of testicular pathologies.

Fig. 15.10 Image of various types of hypospadias.

Fig. 15.11 Image of the Peyronie’s disease.

Fig. 15.12 Male (above image) and female genitalia (below image) as depicted...

Fig. 15.13 Image of 2

nd

century AD statue of a dying Amazon on horseback. As...

Fig. 15.14 Clay‐backed uterus. Roman votive offering.

Fig. 15.15 Medieval illustrations (c. 900) of the fetuses in horned uteri. T...

Fig. 15.16 Latin terms for the female external genitalia.

Fig. 15.17 Latin terms for the female breast.

Fig. 15.18 Latin terms for the female internal genitalia.

Fig. 15.19 Line drawing of a prolapsed uterus.

Fig. 15.20 Positions of the uterus.

Fig. 15.21 Woodcut illustration (1628) of Ambroise Paré’s discussion of conj...

Fig. 15.22 Anatomical Latin for the fetus and the gravid mother.

Guide

Cover Page

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright Page

To the Student

To the Instructor

Acknowledgments

About the Companion Website

Begin Reading

Appendix A Greek and Latin Word Elements

Appendix B Latin Grammar for Anatomical Latin

WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT

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Greek and Latin Roots of Medical and Scientific Terminologies

Todd A. Curtis

Department of ClassicsThe University of Texas at AustinTX, USA

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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication DataNames: Curtis, Todd (Todd Anthony), author.Title: Greek and Latin roots of medical and scientific terminologies / Todd  A. Curtis.Description: Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley‐Blackwell, 2025. | Includes index.Identifiers: LCCN 2024020696 (print) | LCCN 2024020697 (ebook) | ISBN  9781118358634 (paperback) | ISBN 9781118358498 (adobe pdf) | ISBN  9781118358559 (epub)Subjects: LCSH: Greek language–Terms and phrases. | Greek  language–Medical Greek. | Latin language–Terms and phrases. | Latin  language–Medical Latin. | Medicine–Terminology. | English  language–Foreign elements–Greek. | English language–Foreign  elements–Latin.Classification: LCC PA455.M4 C87 2024 (print) | LCC PA455.M4 (ebook) |  DDC 610.1/4–dc23/eng/20240524LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2024020696LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2024020697

Cover image: © Wellcome Collection. Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)Cover design: Wiley

To the Instructor

This is a college‐level textbook for medical terminology courses taught by classicists. Most medical terminology textbooks on the market today are designed to be taught by healthcare professionals. Because this textbook’s approach is linguistic rather than scientific, it better utilizes a classicist’s knowledge of Greek and Latin. Furthermore, this textbook allows classicists to teach medical terminology as a true classical civilizations course by presenting medico‐scientific terms in their historical context, namely ancient Greek medicine. Having taught this course for over a decade, it has been my experience that pre‐medical and pre‐allied healthcare students’ retention and interest in medical terminology are greatly enhanced by this approach. Although emphasis is placed on ancient medical theories and practices, an instructor need not be a specialist in ancient medicine to use this textbook. Because ancient physicians developed much of their technical vocabulary from everyday Greek and Latin words, there are ample opportunities for the instructor to link medical terms to the history, literature, and mythology of the Greco‐Roman world.

I have avoided the typical format used by medical and scientific terminology textbooks written by classicists. These textbooks tend to focus on making a distinction between Latin‐based vocabulary and Greek‐based vocabulary. The problem with the Latin/Greek arrangement is that it places unnecessary emphasis on whether a root is Greek or Latin, which has little practical value to non‐classical students. Instead, I have chosen to use the human anatomical system arrangement because it dovetails with the orientation commonly used in medical and biological courses. This approach fosters the development of a working vocabulary through the recognition and implementation of these word elements in the students’ studies. Unlike most medical terminology books, this textbook also provides a basic understanding of Latin grammar to help students make sense of the Latin phrases used in scientific nomenclatures. For the most part, I have kept this to binomial Latin phrases and loan words because the grammar for these types of terms are easier to master.

This textbook is designed so that it can be used as a short course or long course. Unit I contains five chapters, which can be taught in a self‐standing short course format (e.g. a five‐week summer school format), or it can be combined with Unit II, which allows the textbook to be used in the typical 15‐week semester long course format. Unit I provides the basics of Latin and Greek word elements and grammar in respect to diagnostic, therapeutic, chemical, pharmaceutical, and biological terms. Unit II covers the terminology associated with the systems of the body. Each chapter is broken up into manageable sections with accompanying exercises, which provide students with immediate feedback. The explanations of ancient medico‐scientific theories/practices, etymological notes, images, tables of vocabulary, and review exercises place emphasis on students recognizing the multivalent nature of Greek and Latin word elements. The historical readings allow students to recognize how the history of Greek medicine is relevant both to the practice and language of modern medicine. It is strongly recommended that you make use of the companion website because all of the review questions that test the student’s knowledge of word analysis and synthesis, anatomical Latin and loan words, as well as word elements in context for Chapters 2–15 are found on the website.

The pedagogical approach that I have used to teach medical terminology is derived from Lesley Dean‐Jones’ “Teaching Medical Terminology as a Classics Course.” The Classical Journal 93, no. 3 (February‐March 1998): 290–296. I also have deeply benefited from Oscar Nybakken’s Greek and Latin in Scientific Terminology. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1962. Although written in 1960, Nybakkens’ text continues to be an indispensable tool for any instructor intending to teach a classical approach to medical and scientific terminology. John Scarborough’s Medical and Biological Terminologies Classical Origins. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press has provided me with a wealth of historical and etymological information that I have used in teaching medical terminology and in writing this textbook. Similar to Barbara A. Gylys’ Medical Terminology Simplified: A Programmed Learning Approach to Body Systems(1993) and Marjorie Canfield Willis’ Medical Terminology: A Programmed Learning Approach to the Language of Health Care (2008), I have used programmed approach to make the etymological and medical information in each chapter more engaging and memorable. In respect to medical dictionaries, I have found Taber’s Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary to be one of the best medical sources for reliable etymologies, pronunciations, and clear‐cut medical definitions. The phonetic spellings in this book are derived from Donald Venes, ed., Taber's Medical Dictionary, 24thedition. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company, 2021. Lastly, the cursory treatment of the grammar of anatomical and scientific Latin taught in this textbook can be supplemented by an introductory Latin course or the textbook that I have written specifically for this subject, Anatomical Latin: A Programmed Approach to Learning the Grammar and Vocabulary of Anatomical Latin.

Acknowledgments

The inspiration for this textbook came from Lesley Dean‐Jones, who has been my mentor and colleague at the University of Texas at Austin for the past decade. Thanks to the medical terminology students whom I have taught at UT, particularly Bridget Coonrod, Sarah Doski, and Austin Ivery, whose feedback was instrumental to the creation of this textbook. Special thanks to Ellyn Hillberry and Joonmo Chun for their help formatting and proofreading earlier versions of the chapters and appendix. With deep gratitude, I would like to thank my mother, Dixie Curtis, and my wonderful wife, Emerald Curtis, for their patience, encouragement, help, and feedback on this textbook. I love you. Lastly, I would be remiss not to thank my Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ, for making all of this possible.

About the Companion Website

This book is accompanied by a companion website. 

www.wiley.com/go/Curtis 

The website includes:

Student website: Final Review for chapters 2–15Instructor website: Answers for chapters 2–15

Unit IBasics of Medical and Scientific Terminology