Hydrogen Engines E-Book

Lalit Mohan Das

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 880

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2025

Beschreibung

A comprehensive and authoritative resource for the development of hydrogen-specific internal combustion engines

Hydrogen Engines: Design, Performance Evaluation, Combustion Analysis, and Exhaust Emissions, authored by Dr. Lalit Mohan Das, a seasoned alternative fuels researcher, offers an in-depth technical description of hydrogen as a fuel, presenting a balanced analysis of hydrogen’s advantages and challenges. The book covers hydrogen’s performance, emissions, combustion, and safety aspects for both spark ignition (SI) engines and compression ignition (CI) engines. A comprehensive source of information on the design requirements for hydrogen-specific engines, the book compiles the technical guidelines typically found only in research papers scattered amongst the scientific literature.

In Hydrogen Engines, readers will find:

• A thorough consideration of the distinctive properties of hydrogen, such as minimum ignition energy, flammability limit, and flame speed, and their influence on undesirable combustion phenomena, such as pre-ignition, backfire, and knocking
• Comprehensive explorations of the modes of utilization of hydrogen in internal combustion engines, neat hydrogen engines, dual fuel, and hydrogen in blends with other fuels, such as CNG, LPG, Alcohols, Biogas, Biodiesel, DME producer gas, etc.
• Upgraded strategies such as supercharging, turbocharging, stratification, HCCI, RCCI, and rotary engine configuration using hydrogen fuel
• Applications of laser diagnostics and other sensing techniques
• NOx formation and exhaust emission control, lean engine operations, and exhaust gas recirculation
• A detailed description of how to mitigate hydrogen’s challenges to develop efficient, low-emission engines and prototype real-world vehicles

Invaluable for researchers in academia and government labs, the book will also benefit policymakers and engineers working in research and development within the automotive and transportation industries.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

List of Figures and Tables

The Journey Begins

About the Author

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

About the Companion Website

Chapter 1: Hydrogen: A Promising Frontier for Energy-Environment Solutions

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Fossil Fuel Combustion: Energy Security and Environmental Impact

1.3 Alternative Fuels for Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

1.4 Pollution from Vehicles

1.5 Hydrogen Energy Pathways

1.6 Hydrogen in a Net Zero Emission (NZE) Scenario

1.7 Hydrogen Color Codes and Carbon Footprint

1.8 Green Hydrogen

1.9 Electrolysis Development: Energy Demand and Global Warming Potential

1.10 Emission Through Hydrogen Production by Different Routes

1.11 Exhaust Emissions from Hydrogen Combustion in Engines

Concluding Remarks and Perspectives

References

Chapter 2: Hydrogen’s Properties and Fuel Induction in Engines

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Physical Properties

2.3 Combustive Properties of Hydrogen

2.4 Emissivity of the Hydrogen Flame

2.5 Hydrogen Embrittlement

2.6 Green Hydrogen and Hydrogen Use in Engines

2.7 Combustion Strategy

Concluding Remarks and Perspectives

References

Chapter 3: The Hydrogen Engine: Performance, Emission, and Combustion

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Hydrogen Engines: A Historical Journey of Nearly Two Centuries

3.3 Mixture Formation and Fuel Induction Techniques

3.4 Port Fuel Injection: Performance, Combustion, and Emission Features

3.5 Timed Manifold Injection: Injector Development

3.6 Direct Injection

3.7 Hydrogen as a Fuel for the Compression Ignition Engine

3.8 Optimization of Dual Fuel Operation

3.9 Liquid Hydrogen

Concluding Remarks and Perspectives

References

Chapter 4: Undesirable Combustion Phenomena

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Hydrogen–Oxygen Reaction Mechanism

4.3 Flammability Range and Explosion Limit

4.4 Flame Propagation

4.5 Laminar Burning Velocity

4.6 Preferential Diffusion and Turbulent Burning Velocity

4.7 Undesirable Combustion Phenomena in a Hydrogen Engine

4.8 Backfire: Causes and Character

Concluding Remarks and Perspectives

References

Chapter 5: Modeling and Simulation Studies on the Hydrogen Engine

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Chemical Kinetics Models

5.3 Thermodynamic Models

5.4 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Models

5.5 Heat Transfer Submodel

Concluding Remarks and Perspectives

References

Chapter 6: Laser Diagnostics, Optical, and Other Sensing Techniques

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Key Laser Diagnostics and Optical Methods

6.3 Mixture Formation in a Hydrogen Engine

6.4 Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF), Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence (PLIF), and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)

6.5 Particle Image Velocimetry

6.6 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)

6.7 Spark-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (SIBS)

6.8 Plume Ignition Combustion Concept (PCC)

6.9 High-Speed Schlieren Imaging

6.10 Controlled Autoignition (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition)

Concluding Remarks and Perspectives

References

Chapter 7: Design Criteria and Safety Features of a Dedicated Hydrogen Engine

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Safety-Related Properties for the Hydrogen Engine

7.3 Technical Features for Hydrogen Engine Design

7.4 Some Property-Based Benefits and Challenges

7.5 NOx Emission

7.6 Load Control Strategy and Engine Components

7.7 Emerging Ignition Technologies

7.8 Fuel Delivery System

7.9 Valves

7.10 Crankcase Ventilation

7.11 Hot Spots

7.12 Lubrication System

7.13 Piston Rings and Crevice Volumes

7.14 Combustion Chamber

7.15 Throttle, Compression Ratio

7.16 Materials

7.17 Rotary Engine Structure for Hydrogen Operation

7.18 Safety Features for Engine Tests in the Laboratory

7.19 Safety Considerations for H

2

IC Vehicles

Concluding Remarks and Perspectives

References

Chapter 8: Hydrogen in Blends with Other Fuels

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Adding Hydrogen to CNG

8.3 Oil Analysis

8.4 Hydrogen Added to Biogas, Biodiesel

8.5 Hydrogen–Ethanol Blend

8.6 Hydrogen–DME

8.7 Hydrogen with LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) and Propane

Concluding Remarks and Perspectives

References

Chapter 9: Some Upgraded Strategies for Hydrogen Engines

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Supercharging and Turbocharging

9.3 Stratification and Injection Strategy

9.4 Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI)

9.5 Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI)

9.6 Hydrogen Rotary Engine

Concluding Remarks and Perspectives

References

Chapter 10: The Path Forward

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Hydrogen Engines for Land and Marine Transport

10.3 Heavy-Duty Engines, Trucks, and Generating Sets

10.4 The Rotary Engine

Concluding Remarks

References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1 Major pollutants from vehicles.

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 Thermodynamic properties of hydrogen, methane, and gasoline (general...

Table 2.2 Vapor and liquid density of hydrogen, methane, and gasoline.

Table 2.3 Heating values (HHV and LHV) of hydrogen.

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 Backfire sources and possible solutions [59] / with permission of El...

Table 4.2 Backfiring event judgement logic [65] / with permission of Elsevier.

Chapter 6

Table 6.1 Four modes of ignition.

Chapter 8

Table 8.1 Some combustion properties of hydrogen, CNG, and hythane.

Table 8.2 Some performance and emission parameters of hydrogen–biogas–diesel,...

Table 8.3 Operating conditions of the WLTC and NEDC cycles.

Table 8.4 Compositions and properties of several designated fuels [63].

Table 8.5 Hydrogen addition in a DME HCCI engine with and without EGR [83].

Chapter 9

Table 9.1 Range of energy loss during fuel-energy conversion [9].

Table 9.2 Mixture formation and effects.

Chapter 10

Table 10.1 Tests for single cylinder and multi-cylinder engine with hydrogen in...

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

List of Figures and Tables

The Journey Begins

About the Author

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

About the Companion Website

Begin Reading

Index

End User License Agreement

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Hydrogen Engines

Design, Performance Evaluation, Combustion Analysis, and Exhaust Emissions

L.M. Das

Former Professor

Indian Institute of Technology

Hauz Khas, New Delhi

This edition first published ©2025

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been applied for.

Hardback ISBN: 9781394245680

ePDF ISBN: 9781394245703

ePub ISBN: 9781394245697

oBook ISBN: 9781394245710

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Cover Image: © Andriy Onufriyenko/Getty Images

Dedication

To the memory of Professor T. N. Veziroglu, Founding President of the International Association of Hydrogen Energy and Founding Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, whose profound influence for more than four decades from our first meeting in 1982 sparked my research passion and steered me into hydrogen energy. Sadly, while I was working on this book, he passed away, leaving behind a legacy that will inspire generations of hydrogen enthusiasts and researchers.