Inside Smartgeometry E-Book

Terri Peters

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Serie: AD Smart
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 381

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

Smartgeometry (SG) is a key influence on the architectural community who explore creative computational methods for the design of buildings. An informal international network of practitioners and researchers, the group meets annually to experiment with new technologies and collaborate to develop digital design techniques.

When SG was founded in 2001 by London-based architects and friends Hugh Whitehead (Foster + Partners), J Parrish (AECOM) and Lars Hesselgren (PLP), there was little in the way of parametric tools for architecture. SG was founded to encourage the development, discussion and experimentation of digital design techniques driven by design intent rather than on construction specifications. SG calls for a re-consideration of the design process, where the creation of computational mechanisms become an integral part of designing – not a task done prior to or separate from the process. In the early years of the workshops this need for new ways of design thinking led to the development of Bentley´s GenerativeComponents software. In recent years, the ecology of these design environments has diversified to include multiple software platforms, as well as innovative fabrication techniques and interactive environments. SG has grown accordingly from a handful of experts to an international network of designers who are defining the future of design. Founded by digital pioneers, it creates the algorithmic designers of the future.

Inside Smartgeometry can be seen as a retroactive manifesto for SG, examining and contextualising the work of the SG community: the digital spaces, prototypes and buildings designed using bespoke tools created in response to architectural ideas. From interactive crowd-sourcing tools to responsive agent-based systems to complex digitally fabricated structures, it explores more than a decade of advances that have been influential for architecture.  Through 23 original texts including reflections by the founders, and key contributors such as Robert Aish, Martin Bechthold, Mark Burry, Chris Williams and Robert Woodbury, the book offers a critical state of the art of computational design for architecture. Many international design and engineering firms have participated in SG and the book includes chapters by practitioners from offices such as CASE, Design2Production, Foster + Partners, Grimshaw, Populous and SOM.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Half Title page

Copyright

Title page

Foreword: Architecture & Intelligence: Inside Smartgeometry

Brett Steele

Introduction

Brady Peters Terri Peters

The Origins of Smartgeometry

Hugh Whitehead, Lars Hesselgren J Parrish

Hugh Whitehead

Lars Hesselgren

J Parrish

First Build Your Tools

Robert Aish

Parametric Evolution

Branko Kolarevic

Matrix Architecture

Jenny E Sabin

Metrics of Human Experience

Roly Hudson and Michael Westlake

Interacting with the Model

Neil Katz, with Bess Krietemeyer and Tobias Schwinn

Responsive Design: Towards an Ecology of Objects and People

Andre Chaszar, Anton Savov, Peter Liebsch and Sascha Bohnenberger

Design Flow and Tool Flux

Robert Woodbury

The Sound of Smartgeometry

Brady Peters

Design Exploration and Steering of Design

Axel Kilian

Geometry: How Smart Do You Have to Be?

Chris Williams

Generative Components and Smartgeometry: Situated Software Development

Volker Mueller and Makai Smith

From Descriptive Geometry to Smartgeometry: First Steps Towards Digital Architecture

Mark Burry

Exploring Human–Computer Interaction in Design Process

Flora Salim and Przemek Jaworski

Designing Intelligence: Diy Robotics for Responsive Environments

Nick Puckett

Marco Poletto and Claudia Pasquero (Ecologicstudio)

Mariana Ibañez and Simon Kim

Encoding Design

Fabian Scheurer

Working Prototypes, Creating Knowledge

Shane Burger and Xavier De Kestelier

Mind the Gap: Stories of Exchange

Case

Designing Robotic Assemblies

Tobias Bonwetsch

The Practice of Smartgeometry

Hugh Whitehead

Digital Crafting: Performative Thinking for Material Design

Mette Ramsgard Thomsen and Martin Tamke

Design Robotics: New Strategies for Material System Research

Martin Bechthold

Contributor Biographies

INSIDE SMARTGEOMETRY

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

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ISBN 978-1-118-52247-9 (hardback)ISBN 978-1-118-52244-8 (ebk)ISBN 978-1-118-52245-5 (ebk)

Executive Commissioning Editor: Helen CastleProject Editor: Miriam SwiftAssistant Editor: Calver Lezama

Front cover image © Smartgeometry

Figures 1, 7, 12 in ‘From Descriptive Geometry to Smartgeometry’ © photographs of the Expiatory Temple of the Sagrada Família: Expiatory Temple of the Sagrada Família Board of Works. All rights reserved. Any reproduction and/or modification of photographs of the Expiatory Temple of the Sagrada Família without the prior written consent of the Expiatory Temple of the Sagrada Família Board of Works is completely forbidden.

FOREWORD

ARCHITECTURE & INTELLIGENCE: INSIDE SMARTGEOMETRY

BRETT STEELE

‘Everyone designs who devises courses of action aimed at changing existing situations into preferred ones.’

‘What information consumes is rather obvious: it consumes the attention of its recipients. Hence a world of information creates a poverty of attention.’ Herbert Simon, Sciences of the Artificial

The Nobel Prize-winning polymath Herbert Simon wrote the above observations more than half a century ago at the time the world’s first CAD systems arrived. His freakishly prescient declaration of the extreme consequences of modern, cognitive models captures both the potential as well as the challenge of a) design worlds conceived (enthusiastically) in terms of information-based problem solving; and b) the unexpected consequences (somewhat more tentatively) to time, and not only space, in an era dominated by the production of information.

Long after Simon’s foresight we all know now that the construction of attention is amongst the most difficult of all architectural undertakings, in a world of relentless media, information and access. Surely one of many remarkable accomplishments of Smartgeometry is its least obvious feature: its genuinely sustained, focused attention to a bounded set of architectural, geometric and linked questions, from which immense knowledge has been advanced. Like other computational cultures and not only digital design technologies, Smartgeometry is now a truly global enterprise; a regularly convened, creative space of like-minded architects and others interested in an open experimentation, exploration and invention of new design systems alongside the projects for which these associative systems have been developed.

Conceived a little more than a decade ago by Hugh Whitehead, Lars Hesselgren and J Parrish as a cross-disciplinary series of design workshops, presentations and discussions, and soon joined by Robert Aish and other key collaborators giving from its earliest days both breadth and depth (in an architectural world too frequently describable by means of a surface), Smartgeometry has by now come of age. This fact is the first of many demonstrated in the wonderful volume that follows; a book that is both a document and proposition, not only for recent (rapidly evolving) concepts, tools and techniques, but also for future ones. This is an interest Smartgeometry’s founders share with a cast of thousands that by now have participated (myself included) as presenters, workshop leaders, design gurus, students, teachers and curious observers at the group’s annual gatherings.

The following volume provides an in-depth record of these gatherings, and has been wonderfully edited by Brady Peters and Terri Peters as two dozen chapters containing insightful accounts of both the history of these events and highlights from their various undertakings. What follows is part post-post-modern super-nerd primer (filled with fascinating weird things like ‘augmented composites’, ‘shape grammars’, ‘swarm algorithms’, ‘parametric acoustic surfaces’, or ‘particle spring solvers’, amongst many other things), while also being a remarkably accessible, straightforward demonstration of how contemporary design tools are at work in unexpected ways. They are reconfiguring the concepts emerging alongside the various forms of machinic, digital and physical modelling, prototyping and testing that provide the more visible outcome of Smartgeometry’s remarkably robust, sustained attention. It’s an approach that, like the impetus of contemporary ‘object-oriented’ programming cultures, crucially prefigures as well as continues to inform the generative model-making activities surrounding Smartgeometry. What we see above all else in this book is how contemporary experimentation wrestles ultimately with the most complex architectural projects of all – the cognitive architecture of the architect’s own mind.

1 Sean Ahlquist, Bum Suk Ko and Achim Menges, Material Equilibria: Variegated surface structures, ggggallery, Copenhagen, 2012.Material Equilibria is a part of a larger body of research done by Sean Ahlquist, a professor at the University of Michigan and a tutor for the 2010 Smartgeometry workshop cluster ‘Deep Surfaces’. The project focuses on the development of computational design methodologies and techniques which enable the generation of self-structured spatial forms through the generation of informed material behaviours.

2 Sean Ahlquist, Bum Suk Ko and Achim Menges, Material Equilibria: Variegated surface structures, ggggallery, Copenhagen, 2012.The parametric model shown here controls the knit of shifting patterns and densities, influencing the structure of the tensile spatial surface. Through computation, the micro-structure of the textile is varied to create particular organisational and structural behaviours. The accumulated material phenomena are calibrated to derive an equilibrium which works with the resistance of an actively bended glass-fibre structure at the boundary.

What follows is far more than a demonstration of just how far and fast contemporary experimentation has pushed architecture’s millennial reliance on geometry and advanced mathematics. Writing half a century ago Herbert Simon understood the figure of the modern architect as a perfect demonstration of what it means to design today. ‘The modern architect’, Simon wrote, ‘is the maker of instructions’. The architect’s job isn’t the ‘making’ of things in a conventional sense – it is the recording of design intentions, ideas and ambitions in the form of documents (drawings, sketches, models etc.) whose real purpose is to tell others what to do. Architects, in Simon’s view, ‘make instructions’. In this sense, the artefacts produced in the architect’s studio are hardly anything other than memory structures. In this sense, we can grasp the real values of Smartgeometry’s remarkable, collective, collaborative and sustained focus: not only on the role of information-based approaches to architectural design, but also on the making of the most difficult of all architectures, the architect’s own cognitive structure. It’s a memory structure of a very different sort than most kinds of architecture, and in the hands of the protagonists whose examples follow it is proven no less elastic, and intelligent, than other forms of building.

TEXT

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

IMAGES

© Sean Ahlquist, Achim Menges, Institute for Computational Design, University of Stuttgart

INTRODUCTION

BRADY PETERS TERRI PETERS

Smartgeometry (SG) was founded in 2001 as an informal network of designers interested in harnessing the powers of computation for architectural design. Friends and former colleagues Hugh Whitehead, Lars Hesselgren and J Parrish felt frustrated by the lack of resources and network surrounding computation and architecture and sought to redefine ways that architects could use digital tools. At first, the trio of architects drew on their network of friends and collaborators such as computer scientist Robert Aish, academics Robert Woodbury and Axel Kilian, and experimental practitioners architect Mark Burry and engineer Chris Williams to put together a few modest conferences and workshops. These began with a lecture and workshop in 2003 in Cambridge, UK, then in 2004 at the University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, where the focus was on software development, new tools for architects and engaging with ideas outside the boundaries of ‘architecture’. These early workshops provided inspiration and a testing ground for the creation of new parametric software GenerativeComponents (GC) that was introduced to the group by Robert Aish and Bentley Systems. Rather than being concerned solely with software or form-making, SG focuses on the creation and application of digital tools and technologies, and in cross-disciplinary fertilisation of emerging ideas in practice. In workshop groups, designers are able to work on projects ‘off the books’, away from their offices or university settings, creating pure explorations of technique beyond the confines of the design project. SG embodied new ideas and new ways of thinking. The event now spans six days, with a four-day curated workshop and two-day public conference, and attracts more than 300 international participants and attendees each year.

1 Design explorations at SG 2006,Cambridge, UK.Conceptual geometric design explorations using GenerativeComponents.

WHY GEOMETRY?

Architectural design software at the time SG was founded was created by software developers using object-oriented programming that almost literally translated software ‘objects’ as building ‘objects’. SG co-founder Lars Hesselgren has written that they wanted to build new design tools and founded SG as a rejection of these conservative influences that promoted computer-aided design (CAD) solely as the organisation of building components.1 In order to be free of these predefined tools and have a higher-level discussion of building form in terms of first principles, this led to a discussion of geometry and mathematics. As this is a more generic approach, thinking of architecture and form in this way allowed them to share computational tools between disciplines. It allowed architects to design conceptually and create their own custom ‘objects’ rather than use the specified objects provided by their CAD software.

As Robert Aish explains in his chapter, SG explores the ideas of design computation, with the notion that there is a distinction between the generative description of the building, and the resulting generated model of the building. Therefore SG is more about the exploration of design intent and how this is inscribed in the design tools and the design environment, rather than specific technology for the integrated delivery of building projects. It is about designing a system, rather than working on a more detailed 3D model.

2 ‘Responsive Acoustic Surfaces’ workshop cluster at SG 2011, Copenhagen, Denmark.Participants engage in a design discussion.Digital models from the ‘Responsive Acoustic Surfaces’ workshop cluster at SG 2011, Copenhagen, Denmark.Participants work on digital models of hyperboloid geometry using a variety of software.‘Use the Force’ workshop cluster at SG 2011, Copenhagen, Denmark.Participants discuss design and computation.

SG is an agile network. It is purposely structured to be able to react to and reflect ideas in contemporary practice; there is no overriding goal or charter. The idea is to engage with current issues and debates in a collaborative and non-competitive environment. Digital design leads logically to digital fabrication. Over several years, but culminating in 2010 where it was a central feature, the event embraced digital fabrication, interaction and simulation with ‘workshops’ that more equally split experimentation in digital and physical realms. As Xavier De Kestelier and Shane Burger explain in their chapter, the evolving workshop structure is due to shifts in participants and leadership. The earlier events attracted lower numbers of workshop participants and leaders and these were almost exclusively from professional practice. Recent SG events have had multi-day programs with larger audiences and an increased focus on academic and research questions. This shift is discussed in the chapter by CASE, where they identify the move away from the pragmatics of designing for construction of buildings, towards workshops based not only on research and experimentation, which does not necessarily rule out the practical building issues, but also on creative explorations using these same methods. The five current SG Directors are all from architectural practice, but each year attendees and workshop leaders come increasingly from research and academia.

TALKING ABOUT COMPUTATION

‘The most profound technologies are those that disappear. They weave themselves into the fabric of everyday life until they are indistinguishable from them.’2 This statement from computational pioneer Mark Weiser in 1991 is relevant to architectural practice today. Computation is everywhere; should it really be the medium and not the message? Architects desperately need to talk about computation, and over the past decade SG has provided the only experimental workshop-based discussion forum on this topic. It is not enough to say computation is ubiquitous in our field; it is not ‘just’ a tool – there can be no doubt that it is fundamentally changing architecture. Computation is not what architecture is, but if architecture can be understood as a practice, concerned with technique, then computation is a technique intricately connected to designing for meaning and experience in architecture. Even architecture as edifice, separated from any discussion of technique, reveals the tool of the maker. While meaning in architecture can come from symbols and symbolism in the building itself, it also comes from the experience of that building.3 Therefore the better we can simulate the experience of architecture, the better we can design for it. The technologies explored and discussed at SG are still quite visible. However, one hopes they will be customised, tested and engaged with by architects even as they continue to be woven into the fabric of the design environment.

3 Prototypes and analysis from the ‘Responsive Acoustic Surfaces’ workshop cluster at SG 2011, Copenhagen, Denmark.1:10 scale prototypes were tested for their acoustic performance and this data was used to inform the design of the full-scale prototype wall.

4 Workshops at SG 2011, Copenhagen, Denmark.View of participants and workshop clusters.

Of course, the mere fact of using a particular computational technique does not guarantee good architecture, the same way that using the same pen as Norman Foster will not guarantee a great building. But why shouldn’t architects share techniques and tools? It would be pretty silly if architects each had to invent our own pens, drafting boards and drawing conventions. So while it is the building that matters most, rather than focusing on the process of design and making, in the context of design it is critical to acknowledge that design processes are changing, and SG is at the forefront of this change.

CREATING KNOWLEDGE AND TECHNIQUE

The ways that computation and architectural design are explored at SG are unique. The idea is to nourish a collaborative environment where participants feel as though anything can happen. The theme of the event is set in advance and then workshop leaders apply to lead a cluster based on their own research: for example, in 2012, 40 detailed applications were submitted for 10 positions. Participants also apply to join workshops, submitting portfolios and statements of interest, with only 100 selected. Carefully curated by the SG community and directors, the selected workshop themes are developed and in the four days, focused questions of design, digital technique and physical making can be explored. In contrast to many other design workshops with traditional student–teacher dynamics, workshop leaders do not bring work they have done earlier to get ‘students’ to build, participants do not come to learn something they know nothing about, and experts do not arrive with ‘answers’ to disseminate. Research and knowledge is created during the workshops. The challenge is not to construct a research question that can be ‘answered’ in four days but rather to construct a line of thinking that can be investigated intelligently and discussed through experimentation. The SG environment is part research and part professionally focused, which seems to inspire productivity, as participants work long into the night to actually do something as a group within the given time, to produce some results to share with the wider group by the end of the workshop, and to work together. In Robert Woodbury’s chapter, he calls this the ‘flow’ of design computation. There is of course a healthy fear of failure and underlying pressure to make it perfect, or at least beautiful. This is architecture after all.

SG makes no claims to produce ‘architecture’. It is not about form, it is about how we arrive at form. SG is about technique. There are, of course, many valid ways to design and SG celebrates this plurality of concept. It is not the place for design crits. In the four-day workshops, there simply is not time. Instead, techniques and tools are developed and tested. Participants find where a tool hits the wall, then how to mash it up with other tools and make it work better. It is like building a racing car – how fast and how hard can we push this machine – not how nicely can we drive it.

5 Aggregate module structure from the ‘Agent Construction’ workshop cluster at SG 2011, Copenhagen, Denmark.The participants operate as ‘agents’, building and altering the structure without pre-made drawings or plans, instead being guided by rules responding to local conditions – ‘here and now’.

6 Virtual agent model from the ‘Agent Construction’ workshop cluster at SG 2011, Copenhagen, Denmark.In the computer model, a swarm of virtual agents gradually and collectively build up a structure. Different agents are guided by different rule-sets, and the only communication between them is through the environment which they manipulate and which in turn affects their behaviour.

7 Visualisation of scan data from the ‘Agent Construction’ workshop cluster at SG 2011, Copenhagen, Denmark.The emerging physical structure is continuously scanned, and the data imported into virtual formats for analysis and further processing. In this format it can be directly analysed beside the virtual agent models, or used as an input in these.

8 Airflow simulation from the ‘Agent Construction’ workshop cluster at SG 2011, Copenhagen, Denmark.The scan data allows for simulation of the structure’s performance, here through a fluid dynamic simulation in X-Flow.

CODING

‘The ability to ‘read’ a medium means you can access materials and tools generated by others. The ability to ‘write’ in a medium means you can generate materials and tools for others. You must have both to be literate. In print writing, the tools you generate are rhetorical; they demonstrate and convince. In computer writing, the tools you generate are processes; they simulate and decide.’ Alan Kay4

When a designer writes a script to solve a problem, the algorithm becomes part of the design and may then be explored in a creative way. But, as Fabian Scheurer explains in his chapter, algorithms are both a description of the problem and the solution. They define the solution space and they are built around the definition of the problem. He argues that design is all about decisions and that delegating these to an algorithm always means following predefined paths. Often the use of existing tools leads to existing solutions. Through the creation of new tools, new ways of thinking and new solutions can be found. Algorithmic thinking means taking on an interpretive role to understand the results of the generating code, and understand how to then modify the code to explore new options, and to speculate on further design potentials. As designers, we are influenced by the tools and techniques that allow us to realise our visions. It has been said that the tools determine the boundaries of art, and that it is the use of the right tools for the thing that one is making, and a deep relationship between the use of the tool and its formal results, that establishes the potentials of what can be made.5 With computation, the boundaries of what can be made just got a lot bigger. Parametric systems and computational tools have enabled the realisation of projects that were previously inconceivable.

Nicholas Negroponte introduced the concept of bits and atoms, arguing that atoms make up physical, tangible objects around us – the architecture that we inhabit – while our design environment and our digital models inhabit the space of the bits – the information that is contained within the computer that we use to design.6 So, how does this relationship affect the architecture we design? This relationship between bits and atoms is becoming blurred. Not only do the experiments undertaken at SG work in between physical and digital realms, but design tools are increasingly used that simulate real-world performance and provide feedback on designs. Computational tools become co-creators in design, extending the intellect of the designer, and so the role of the designer becomes one of tool builder, of interpreter of results, and of a guide through solution spaces. In his chapter, practitioner Neil Katz explains that the technology needs to disappear: it is the design intent and process that is more important than the tool itself.

‘Software modified by the designer through scripting, however, provides a range of possibilities for creative speculation that is simply not possible using the software only as the manufacturers intended it to be used. Because scripting is effectively a computing program overlay, the tool user (designer) becomes the new toolmaker (software engineer).’ Mark Burry7

9 Geodesic curves from the ‘Gridshell Digital Tectonics’ workshop cluster at SG 2012, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA.Geodesic curves allow for complex curvature from straight segments.

10 Fabrication layout of laths from the ‘Gridshell Digital Tectonics’ workshop cluster at SG 2012, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA.Geodesic laths are unrolled with precise lengths and spacing of nodes for pin joints.

11 Elevation from the ‘Gridshell Digital Tectonics’ workshop cluster at SG 2012, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA.Diagrams of the lattice gridshell identified the location of each piece in the four-layer lath system.

SIMULATING EXPERIENCE

Architecture can be thought of as drawing, but should be thought of as simulation. Architecture is the act of imagining a building at a remove from its construction, and then communicating this concept for others to build. To date, the imagining and communicating has been largely through drawing. However, it is not necessarily drawing that defines architecture, but this ability to create an abstraction of the building through some means. Through the drawing, the architect is able to imagine how light and space and material relate in the creation of architecture. Although largely within the mind of the architect, this simulation of effect and experience is a necessary part of architectural design. The pragmatic aspects of performance can be simulated as well. The digital design environment can be a design partner for this simulation of architecture. Through the adoption of new technologies, the creation of design techniques, the coding of custom design tools and the gaining of critical performance feedback, the abilities of the architect are extended.

SG was founded on the premise that a first-principles exploration of geometry in relation to design intent could benefit architectural design. The development, discussion and dissemination of these explorations of technique have been central to the SG workshops and conferences. The SG community explores these through parametric design, computer programming, digital fabrication, interactive design, simulation and optimisation. The scope of these approaches is enlarged at each yearly event. SG has been, and continues to be, a place where these concepts are not only discussed, tested and critically reflected upon, but critically, a place where this knowledge is created. A place for designing, coding and building.

12 Curvature analysis from the ‘Gridshell Digital Tectonics’ workshop cluster at SG 2012, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA.Curvature analysis determines radii of curvature to verify the minimum radius allowable for the bending of lath segments.

13 Completed gridshell from the ‘Gridshell Digital Tectonics’ workshop cluster at SG 2012, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA.

REFERENCES

1 Lars Hesselgren, ‘Smooth Is Not Enough’, 18 January 2009, http://www.core.form-ula.com/2009/01/18/smooth-is-not-enough/ [accessed 12/09/2012].

2 Mark Weiser, ‘The Computer for the 21st Century’, in Scientific American, September 1991, pp 94–104.

3 Stan Allen, ‘Introduction: Practice vs Project’, in Practice: Architecture, Technique and Representation, G+B Arts International (Amsterdam), 2000, page XIV.

4 Alan Kay, ‘User Interface: A Personal View’, in Brenda Laurel (ed), The Art of Human–Computer Interface Design, Addison-Wesley (Reading), 1990, p 125.

5 Jose-Manuel Berenguer, ‘Interview with Jose Manuel Berenguer’ in Mosaic, 2005, http://mosaic.uoc.edu/2005/09/09/jose-manuel-berenguer/ [accessed 10/02/2010].

6 Nicholas Negroponte, Being Digital, Vintage Books (New York), 1995.

7 Mark Burry, Scripting Cultures, John Wiley & Sons (Chichester), 2011, p 9.

TEXT

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

IMAGES

Figure 1 © Smartgeometry Ltd; Figures 2, 3, 4, 5 © Smartgeometry Ltd, photos by Anders Ingvartsen; Figure 6 © Peter Suen; Figures 7, 8 Samuel Wilkinson; Figures 10, 11, 12 © Andrew Kudless with the Gridshell Digital Tectonics Cluster; Figures 9, 13 © Mark Cabrinha, PhD

THE ORIGINS OF SMARTGEOMETRY