Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods E-Book

Steven J. Taylor

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 813

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

An informative real-world guide to studying the "why" of human behavior Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods is a practical, comprehensive guide to the collection and presentation of qualitative data. Unique in the market, this book describes the entire research process -- from design through writing -- illustrated by examples of real, complete qualitative work that clearly demonstrates how methods are used in actual practice. This updated fourth edition includes all new case studies, with additional coverage of mixed methods, non-sociological settings, funding, and a sample interview guide. The studies profiled are accompanied by observation field notes, and the text includes additional readings for both students and instructors. More than just theory, this guide is designed to give you a real-world practitioner's view of how qualitative research is handled every step of the way. Many different disciplines rely on qualitative research as a method of inquiry, to gain an in-depth understanding of human behavior and the governing forces behind it. Qualitative research asks "why" and "how," and the data is frequently complex and difficult to measure. This book shows you how to effectively handle qualitative work, regardless of where it's being applied. * Understand the strengths and limitations of qualitative data * Learn how experts work around common methodological issues * Compare actual field notes to the qualitative studies they generated * Examine the full range of qualitative methods throughout the research process Whether you're studying sociology, psychology, marketing, or any number of other fields, especially in the social and behavioral sciences, human behavior is the central concern of your work. So what drives human behavior? That's what qualitative research helps to explain. Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods gives you the foundation you need to begin seeking answers.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

Acknowledgments

Part One: Among the People: How to Conduct Qualitative Research

Chapter 1: Introduction: Go to the People

A Note on the History of Qualitative Methods

Qualitative Methodology

Theory and Methodology

Notes

Chapter 2: Research Design and Pre-Fieldwork

Research Design

Selecting Settings

Obtaining Institutional Review Board Approval

Writing Proposals

Access to Organizations

Access to Public and Quasi-Public Settings

Access to Private Settings

What Do You Tell Gatekeepers and Informants?

Collecting Data About Obtaining Access

Covert Research

Chapter 3: Participant Observation: In the Field

Entering the Field

Negotiating Your Role

Establishing Rapport

Participation

Key Informants

Difficult Field Relations

Forming Relationships

Field Tactics

Asking Questions

Learning the Language

Field Notes

Boundaries of a Study

Leaving the Field

Triangulation

Ethics in the Field

Chapter 4: In-Depth Interviewing

The Qualitative Interview

Types of Interview Studies

Choosing to Interview

Selecting Informants

Approaching Informants

Understanding the Interview in Context

Managing the Interview Situation

Getting People to Talk About What Is Important to Them

The Interview Guide

Probing

Cross-Checks

Relations With Informants

Recording Interviews

Group Interviews

The Interviewer's Journal

Note

Chapter 5: Montage: Discovering Methods

Disrupting the “Commonsense World of Everyday Life”: Harold Garfinkel

Qualitative Research as Autobiography

Entering a World Without Words

Personal Documents

Picturing Disability

Photography and Videotaping

Official Records and Public Documents

Historical and Archival Research

Notes

Chapter 6: Working With Data: Data Analysis in Qualitative Research

Narratives: Descriptive and Theoretical Studies

Building Theory

Working With Data

Constructing Life Histories

Part Two: Writing Qualitative Research: Selected Studies

Chapter 7: Writing and Publishing Qualitative Studies

What You Should Tell Your Readers

Some Tips on Writing

Common Mistakes in Writing From Qualitative Data

Publishing Qualitative Studies

Selected Studies

Chapter 8: “You're Not a Retard, You're Just Wise”: Disability, Social Identity, and Family Networks

The Duke Family

The Study

Disability Labels and Family Constructions

Social Identities

Conclusion

Notes

References

Chapter 9: Producing Family Time: Practices of Leisure Activity Beyond the Home

Methods and Data

Findings

Discussion: Family as Socially Organized Practice

Notes

References

Chapter 10: Ethnicity and Expertise: Racial-Ethnic Knowledge in Sociological Research

Method

Analysis

Discussion

Notes

References

Chapter 11: Citizen Portraits: Photos of People With Disabilities as Personal Keepsakes

Settings

Hiding Disability

Conclusions

Notes

References

Chapter 12: “They Asked for a Hard Job”: World War II Conscientious Objectors on the Front Lines

Note

References

Closing Remarks

Appendix 1: Field Notes

Field Note Excerpt

Edited Field Notes

Appendix 2: Interview Guide Template

How to Use the Template

Note

References

Author Index

Subject Index

End User License Agreement

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Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Among The People: How To Conduct Qualitative Research

Introduction: Go to the People

List of Illustrations

Chapter 6: Working With Data: Data Analysis in Qualitative Research

Figure 6.1 One version of the grounded theory approach.

Figure 6.2 Steps in analytic induction.

Figure 6.3 Developing themes and concepts.

Figure 6.4 Analysis: Constructing a typology and forming a proposition: Example from a study of institutional attendants.

Figure 6.5 Analytical diagram: The staff's classification of infants on a neonatal unit.

Figure 6.6 Analytic diagram: The ebb and flow of relations— Lisa and Gary in the Dukes' network.

Figure 6.7 Steps in coding.

Figure 6.8 Analysis: Initial coding categories in the study of the Duke family.

Figure 6.9 Discounting data—Understanding in context: Questions to ask.

Chapter 8: “You're Not a Retard, You're Just Wise”: Disability, Social Identity, and Family Networks

Figure 8.1 Empire State School case summary and abstract.

Figure 8.2 Identities in the Dukes' extended family.

Chapter 11: Citizen Portraits: Photos of People With Disabilities as Personal Keepsakes

Figure 11.1 Young man with cerebral palsy with family. Ca. 1890. Cabinet card.

Figure 11.2 Child with Down Syndrome. Ca. 1910. Photo postcard.

Figure 11.3 Man in wheelchair at desk. Ca. 1908. Photo postcard.

Figure 11.4 Developmentally disabled young man on porch. Ca. 1907. Photo postcard.

Figure 11.5 Man in office. Ca. 1910. Photo postcard.

Figure 11.6 Group picture of workers with boss with a disability. Ca. 1911. Photo postcard.

Figure 11.7 Band with one player with deformed limb. Ca. 1914. Photo postcard. Joel Wayne, Pop's Postcard Coll.

Figure 11.8 Boy in wheelchair in class picture. Ca. 1912.

Figure 11.9 Studio portrait of young man with cerebral palsy. Ca. 1889. Cabinet photo.

Figure 11.10 Girl in wheelchair with companion in studio with seaside backdrop. Ca. 1910. Photo postcard.

Figure 11.11 Studio portrait of amputee. Ca. 1907. Photo postcard. B. Nelson Coll.

Figure 11.12 Family portrait. Ca. 1910. Photo postcard.

Figure 11.13 Family outside their home. Ca. 1908. Photo postcard.

Figure 11.14 Sisters. Ca. 1900. Cabinet card.

Figure 11.15 Romantic encounter. Ca. 1910. Photo postcard.

Figure 11.16 Teenager in braces with her dog. Ca. 1910. Photo postcard. B. Nelson Coll.

Figure 11.17 Young woman in wheelchair with violin. Ca. 1909. Photo postcard. Don and Newly Preziosi Coll.

Figure 11.18 Dwarf with dead deer. Photo postcard. 1915.

Figure 11.19 Brother and sister in front of their home. 1909. Photo postcard.

Figure 11.20 Brother and sister who were shown in Figure 11.19, 4 years later. Ca. 1913. Photo postcard.

Figure 11.21 Mother with children. Ca. 1909. Photo postcard.

Chapter 12: “They Asked for a Hard Job”: World War II Conscientious Objectors on the Front Lines

Figure 12.1 Philadelphia State Hospital (“Byberry”). Swarthmore College Peace Collection.

Figure 12.2 CO pouring drinks for patients during a meal, state hospital, Marlboro, New Jersey. Mennonite Church USA Historical Committee and Archives.

Figure 12.3 COs taking patients for a walk, Cleveland State Hospital. Mennonite Church USA Historical Committee and Archives.

Figure 12.4 Patients in A Building, Philadelphia State Hospital. Swarthmore College Peace Collection.

Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods

A Guidebook and Resource

Fourth Edition

Steven J. Taylor

Robert Bogdan

Marjorie L. DeVault

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Taylor, Steven J., 1949–

Introduction to qualitative research methods : a guidebook and resource / Steven J. Taylor, Robert Bogdan, Marjorie L. DeVault.–4th edition.

pages cm

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-118-76721-4 (cloth) – ISBN 978-1-118-767306 (epdf) – ISBN 978-1-118-76729-0 (epub)

1. Social sciences–Research–Methodology. 2. Sociology–Research–Methodology. 3. Qualitative research.

I. Bogdan, Robert. II. DeVault, Marjorie L., 1950– III. Title.

H61.T385 2016

001.4′2–dc23

2015013787

Cover design: Wiley

Cover image: © iStock/urbancow

During the revision of this book, Steven J. Taylor was diagnosed with terminal cancer. He continued to contribute to and guide this edition of Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods to the end. We dedicate this book to him and his legacy.

—Robert Bogdan and Marjorie L. DeVault

Acknowledgments

Many people contributed directly or indirectly to this book. We have learned much about qualitative research from colleagues and students. There are too many to thank individually. We appreciate them all.

Throughout the preparation of the fourth edition of this book, John Wiley & Sons has been a strong and encouraging supporter. We can't thank Patricia Tassini and other Wiley staff enough. Thanks also to the copy editor.

We greatly appreciate Professor Peter Ibarra's willingness to allow us to use his interview guide template as an appendix to this book. We hope that readers find it as useful as we did.

The preparation of this edition of the book would have been extremely difficult without the exceptional support provided by staff of the Center on Human Policy at Syracuse University. Cyndy Colavita, Office Coordinator, provided her usual capable administrative support for this edition's preparation. The assistance provided by Rachael Zubal-Ruggieri, Information Coordinator, was outstanding. Rachael scanned the last edition of the book and fixed the formatting and other errors that resulted so that we could work off a printed version of the book, helped with the editing of the book, and assembled the references. Rachael saved us countless hours in working on the book. We can't thank Rachael and Cyndy enough.

In writing the first edition of this book and in subsequent editions, we have drawn on the experience and knowledge of early qualitative researchers, some of whom conducted their research in an era when their preferred approach was in disfavor. We value their commitment to the faithful reporting of what they heard and saw in the field, knowing that researchers can never capture the actual nature of reality. We also have learned from the epistemological and theoretical challenges to traditional ethnography and qualitative methodology raised by researchers since the 1970s. We believe that much is to be learned from these challenges and hope that qualitative researchers will continue to use them to strengthen their own studies in the future.

Steven J. TaylorRobert BogdanMarjorie L. DeVaultSyracuse University

Part One

Among the People: How to Conduct Qualitative Research

Chapter 1Introduction: Go to the People

A Note on the History of Qualitative Methods

Qualitative Methodology

Theory and Methodology

Notes

The term methodology refers to the way in which we approach problems and seek answers. In the social sciences, the term applies to how research is conducted. Our assumptions, interests, and purposes shape which methodology we choose. When stripped to their essentials, debates over methodology are debates over assumptions and purposes, over theory and perspective.

Two major theoretical perspectives have dominated the social science scene (Bruyn, 1966; Deutscher, 1973; also see Creswell, 2012; Saldaña, 2011).1 The first, positivism, traces its origins in the social sciences to the great theorists of the 19th and early 20th centuries and especially to Auguste Comte (1896) and Émile Durkheim (1938, 1951). The positivist seeks the facts or causes of social phenomena apart from the subjective states of individuals. Durkheim (1938, p. 14) told the social scientist to consider social facts, or social phenomena, as “things” that exercise an external influence on people.

The second major theoretical perspective, which, following the lead of Deutscher (1973), we describe as phenomenological, has a long history in philosophy and sociology (Berger & Luckmann, 1967; Bruyn, 1966; Husserl, 1962; Psathas, 1973; Schutz, 1962, 1966). The phenomenologist, or interpretivist (Ferguson, Ferguson, & Taylor, 1992), is committed to understanding social phenomena from the actor's own perspective and examining how the world is experienced. The important reality is what people perceive it to be. Jack Douglas (1970, p. ix) wrote, “The ‘forces’ that move human beings, as human beings rather than simply as human bodies…are ‘meaningful stuff.’ They are internal ideas, feelings, and motives.”

Since positivists and phenomenologists take on different kinds of problems and seek different kinds of answers, their research requires different methodologies. Adopting a natural science model of research, the positivist searches for causes through methods, such as questionnaires, inventories, and demography, that produce data amenable to statistical analysis. The phenomenologist seeks understanding through qualitative methods, such as participant observation, in-depth interviewing, and others, that yield descriptive data. In contrast to practitioners of a natural science approach, phenomenologists strive for what Max Weber (1968) called verstehen, understanding on a personal level the motives and beliefs behind people's actions (Hennink, Hutter, & Bailey, 2011).

This book is about qualitative methodology—how to collect descriptive data, people's own words, and records of people's behavior. It is also a book on how to study social life phenomenologically. We are not saying that positivists cannot use qualitative methods to address their own research interests: Durkheim (1915) used rich descriptive data collected by anthropologists as the basis for his treatise The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. We are saying that the search for social causes is neither what this book is about nor where our own research interests lie.

We return to the phenomenological or interpretivist perspective later in this chapter, for it is at the heart of this work. It is the perspective that guides our research.

A Note on the History of Qualitative Methods

Descriptive observation, interviewing, and other qualitative methods are as old as recorded history (R. H. Wax, 1971). Wax pointed out that their origins can be traced to historians, travelers, and writers ranging from the Greek Herodotus to Marco Polo. It was not until the 19th and early 20th centuries, however, that what we now call qualitative methods were consciously employed in social research (Clifford, 1983).

Frederick LePlay's 1855 study of European families and communities stands as one of the first genuine pieces of qualitative research (Bruyn, 1966). Robert Nisbet (1966) wrote that LePlay's research represented the first scientific sociological research: