Kitchen and Bath Lighting E-Book

Dan Blitzer

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Serie: NKBA Professional Resource Library
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 394

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

The industry standard illustrated guide from the National Kitchen and Bath Association

Co-published by the National Kitchen and Bath Association (NKBA), Kitchen and Bath Lighting is the go-to resource for designing, planning, and installing light in residential kitchen and bath projects. Full color illustrations throughout the book make Kitchen and Bath Lighting a visually absorbing experience. This beautiful volume begins with the basics of light, color, and vision, progressing from there through every stage of the residential lighting design process. With special attention to sustainability and lighting for older eyes, this book contains the information you need to know about the latest trends impacting the lighting industry.

Because the NKBA established the standard kitchen and bath guidelines for both new construction and remodels, Kitchen and Bath Lighting is aligned with the practices that are in high demand. This book is also an excellent choice for anyone hoping to obtain credentials as a Certified Kitchen Designer or Certified Bath Designer.

• Comprehensive coverage of the kitchen and bath lighting process, from the fundamentals of color to design documentation to construction
• Illustrated guidelines for using lighting tools like sources, luminaries, and controls in design development
• Glossary and end-of-chapter exercises for quickly learning and referencing key terminology and lighting techniques
• Companion website offering resources for instructors

This new addition to the NKBA's Professional Resource Library is an essential reference for kitchen and bath designers, lighting designers, and interior designers, as well as contractors, retrofitters, specifiers, and anyone else involved in lighting kitchens and bathrooms. Kitchen and Bath Lighting will give you the visual understanding of lighting that can lead directly to client satisfaction.

Leseprobe

KITCHEN & BATH LIGHTING

Concepts, Design, Light

DANIEL BLITZER

TAMMY MACKAY, AKBD, NCIDQ, LEED GREEN ASSOCIATE

Cover image: Kitchen photo: Kitchen design by Joseph A. Giorgi, Jr., CKD; codesigners Erin Paige Pitts and Dru Hinterleiter. Photo by Peter Leach. Bathroom photo: Bathroom design by Paul Knutson. Photo by Troy Thies

Cover design: Wiley

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

National Kitchen & Bath Association 687 Willow Grove Street Hackettstown, NJ 07840 Phone: 800-THE-NKBA (800-843-6522) Fax: [phone] Website: NKBA.org

Copyright © 2015 National Kitchen and Bath Association. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, [phone], fax [phone], or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, [phone], fax [phone], or online at www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with the respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom.

For general information about our other products and services, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at [phone], outside the United States at [phone] or fax [phone].

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Library of Congress cataloging-in-publication data is available upon request.

ISBN 978-1-118-45454-1 (cloth); 978-1-119-12456-6 (ebk.); 978-1-119-12455-9 (ebk.)

Sponsors

The National Kitchen & Bath Association recognizes, with gratitude, the following companies whose generous contribution supported the development of Kitchen & Bath Lighting.

PLATINUM SPONSOR

www.hafele.com

GOLD SPONSORS

DELTA FAUCET COMPANY

TRESCO LIGHTING

About the National Kitchen & Bath Association

The National Kitchen & Bath Association (NKBA) is the only nonprofit trade association dedicated exclusively to the kitchen and bath industry and is the leading source of information and education for professionals in the field. Fifty years after its inception, the NKBA has a membership of more than 60,000 and is the proud owner of the Kitchen & Bath Industry Show (KBIS).

The NKBA's mission is to enhance member success and excellence, promote professionalism and ethical business practices, and provide leadership and direction for the kitchen and bath industry worldwide.

The NKBA has pioneered innovative industry research, developed effective business management tools, and set groundbreaking design standards for safe, functional, and comfortable kitchens and baths.

Recognized as the kitchen and bath industry's leader in learning and professional development, the NKBA offers professionals of all levels of experience essential reference materials, conferences, virtual learning opportunities, marketing assistance, design competitions, consumer referrals, internships, and opportunities to serve in leadership positions.

The NKBA's internationally recognized certification program provides professionals the opportunity to demonstrate knowledge and excellence as Associate Kitchen & Bath Designer (AKBD), Certified Kitchen Designer (CKD), Certified Bath Designer (CBD), and Certified Master Kitchen & Bath Designer (CMKBD).

For students entering the industry, the NKBA offers Accredited and Supported Programs, which provide NKBA-approved curriculum at more than 60 learning institutions throughout the United States and Canada.

For consumers, the NKBA showcases award-winning designs and provides information on remodeling, green design, safety, and more at NKBA.org. The NKBA Pro Search tool helps consumers locate kitchen and bath professionals in their area.

The NKBA offers membership in 11 different industry segments: dealers, designers, manufacturers and suppliers, multi-branch retailers and home centers, decorative plumbing and hardware, manufacturer's representatives, builders and remodelers, installers, fabricators, cabinet shops, and distributors. For more information, visit NKBA.org.

Contents

PREFACE

ORGANIZATION

SOME CURRENT ISSUES

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

1 HOW WE SEE

PHYSICS OF LIGHT

VISION

MEASURING LIGHT

MEASUREMENT VERSUS PERCEPTION

SUMMARY

REVIEW QUESTIONS

2 SEEING MATERIALS

COLOR

FORM AND TEXTURE

MATTE AND GLOSS

SUMMARY

REVIEW QUESTIONS

3 SEEING THE SPACE AND EACH OTHER

APPEARANCE OF LIGHT

LIGHT AND OUR SENSE OF SPACE

LIGHT AND PEOPLE

SUMMARY

REVIEW QUESTIONS

4 SEEING THE WORK

TASK VISIBILITY

VISUAL PERFORMANCE

ILLUMINANCE

CHALLENGES TO TASK VISIBILITY

SUMMARY

REVIEW QUESTIONS

5 SEEING AS WE AGE

HOW VISION CHANGES WITH AGE

LIGHTING AND SAFETY

SUMMARY

REVIEW QUESTIONS

6 SPEAKING ABOUT LIGHTING

LIGHTING EFFECTS, NOT EQUIPMENT

HOW SHOULD A SPACE FEEL?

LAYERING

EXPERIENTIAL LAYERS OF LIGHT

FUNCTIONAL LAYERS OF LIGHT

APPLYING LIGHT

SUMMARY

REVIEW QUESTIONS

7 SUSTAINABLE LIGHTING

DEFINITION OF SUSTAINABILITY

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF LIGHTING

SUSTAINABILITY AND THE COST OF LIGHTING

SUSTAINABLE LIGHTING STRATEGIES

SUMMARY

REVIEW QUESTIONS

NOTE

8 THE IMPORTANCE OF DAYLIGHT

DAYLIGHT AND HUMAN EXPERIENCE

FROM THE OUTSIDE IN

DAYLIGHT IN DIFFERENT FORMS

CHARACTERISTICS OF DAYLIGHT

ADMITTING DAYLIGHT

INTEGRATING DAYLIGHT AND ELECTRIC LIGHTING

SUMMARY

REVIEW QUESTIONS

9 SCHEMATIC DESIGN

PROGRAM

SCHEMATIC DESIGN

LIGHTING FOR KITCHEN ACTIVITIES

LIGHTING FOR BATHROOM ACTIVITIES

EXPERIENCE

ARCHITECTURAL INTEGRATION

COMMUNICATING THE CONCEPT

SUMMARY

REVIEW QUESTIONS

10 CHOOSING ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES

LIGHT SOURCES FOR KITCHENS AND BATHS

ATTRIBUTES OF LIGHT SOURCES

SUMMARY

REVIEW QUESTIONS

11 COMPARING ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES

LIGHT SOURCES FOR KITCHENS AND BATHS

INCANDESCENT SOURCES

FLUORESCENT SOURCES

LED SOURCES

PRODUCT QUALITY

SUMMARY

REVIEW QUESTIONS

12 LIGHT FIXTURES

LIGHT FIXTURE SELECTION CRITERIA

TYPES OF FIXTURES (LUMINAIRES)

SUMMARY

REVIEW QUESTIONS

13 LIGHTING CONTROLS

BENEFITS AND OBJECTIVES

THE LANGUAGE OF CONTROLS

HOW DIMMERS WORK

SENSORS

CONTROL SYSTEMS

WIRELESS CONTROL OF LED LAMPS

APPLYING CONTROLS

SUMMARY

REVIEW QUESTIONS

14 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

DEVELOPING THE DESIGN

CODE COMPLIANCE

LOCATING LUMINAIRES

SELECTING LUMINAIRES

SIZING THE LIGHT SOURCE

CONTROLS

SUMMARY

REVIEW QUESTIONS

15 DOCUMENTING THE LIGHTING DESIGN

LIGHTING AND CONTROLS PLANS

SUMMARY

REVIEW QUESTIONS

16 GETTING LIGHTING BUILT

LIGHTING IN THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

SUBMITTALS

LIGHTING SUPPLY CHANNEL

SUMMARY

REVIEW QUESTIONS

GLOSSARY

INDEX

EULA

List of Tables

Chapter 2

Table 2.1

Chapter 4

Table 4.1

Chapter 6

Table 6.1

Table 6.2

Table 6.3

Chapter 8

Table 8.1

Chapter 10

Table 10.1

Chapter 11

Table 11.1

Table 11.2

Table 11.3

Table 11.4

Table 11.5

Table 11.6

Table 11.7

Table 11.8

Table 11.9

Table 11.10

Chapter 13

Table 13.1

Chapter 14

Table 14.1

Table 14.2

Table 14.3

Table 14.4

Table 14.5

Table 14.6

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1

Light in the electromagnetic spectrum

Figure 1.2

Transparent, translucent, opaque

Figure 1.3

Reflection, refraction, scattering

Figure 1.4

Light source, object, eye, brain

Figure 1.5

Diagram of the eye

Figure 1.6

Lamp package label

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1

Spectrum from a prism

Figure 2.2

Daylight in the afternoon

Figure 2.3

Daylight at dusk

Figure 2.4

Blending the primary colors of light

Figure 2.5

Diagram of color vision

Figure 2.6

Concentrated light highlights the form and texture of this decorative wall.

Figure 2.7

Washing light design by Jaque Bethe Pure Design Environments, Bloomington, MN

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1

Color temperature scale

Figure 3.2A

Kitchen with warm atmosphere

Figure 3.2B

Kitchen with cool atmosphere

Figure 3.3

Lighting around the periphery

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1

Reading cookbooks is one of the many kitchen tasks for which proper lighting levels must be planned.

Figure 4.2

The shattered glass contrasted against the ground is an example of task contrast.

Figure 4.3

Example of task size

Figure 4.4

Example of task visibility

Figure 4.5

Example of horizontal task

Figure 4.6

Example of vertical task

Figure 4.7

Reflected glare

Figure 4.8

Veiling reflections

Figure 4.9

Uniformity of light for the island is provided by three large pendants centered over it.

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1

Floor-to-ceiling windows and glass doors provide bright natural light during the day. Lights in the exhaust hood provide additional lighting for the island.

Figure 5.2

Under-cabinet task lights illuminate the counters while pendants add task lighting for the island.

Figure 5.3

Lighting under the toe-kick is effective in this kitchen designed with dark cabinetry and hardwood floors.

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1

This kitchen includes a variety of light sources including ample daylight.

Figure 6.2A

This bathroom, with light surfaces and fixtures as well as ample lighting and daylight, is an example of a bathroom considered to be a bright room.

Figure 6.2B

This bathroom, with dark surfaces and fixtures as well as ample lighting and daylight, is an example of a subdued room.

Figure 6.3A

Example of a kitchen designed for social interaction as well as food preparation

Figure 6.3B

Example of a kitchen designed more for food preparation

Figure 6.4

The attraction of focal glow

Figure 6.5

Sunlight on a tree-lined path

Figure 6.6

A kitchen filled with ambient light

Figure 6.7

Holiday sparkle

Figure 6.8

A chandelier featuring crystal pendants creates sparkle.

Figure 6.9

Sparkle from a table setting

Figure 6.10

Kitchen with layered light

Figure 6.11

Note the task lighting designed for this kitchen to meet the challenge of the high vaulted ceiling.

Figure 6.12

Laundry room with ambient light

Figure 6.13

Ambient lighting is provided by the recessed lights in this ceiling design while chandeliers above the islands provide additional task lighting.

Figure 6.14

Accent lighting illuminates the objects displayed in this lavish bathroom.

Figure 6.15

The lighting inside the glass cabinets draws attention to the glassware on display.

Figure 6.16

A large decorative pendant with a clear glass shade lights this bathroom featuring a variety of wall and ceiling surface materials.

Figure 6.17

Pendants provide task lighting over the island in this kitchen featuring a vibrant color scheme.

Figure 6.18

This lavish bathroom design features a variety of lighting sources.

Figure 6.19

The under-cabinet lighting below the microwave and the table lamp in the adjoining room are examples of direct light.

Figure 6.20

The lighting fixtures in this bathroom are examples of indirect light.

Figure 6.21

Backlighting was used for this striking wall design behind the cooktop.

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1

This award-winning kitchen incorporates many sustainable design solutions.

Figure 7.2

Electric power plant emissions

Figure 7.3

LED and CFL lamps

Figure 7.4

Consumer recycling bins

Figure 7.5

Careful attention must be paid to the lighting design in rooms that include dark and textured surfaces.

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1

Sunlight filtering through a canopy of trees

Figure 8.2

The glass door and windows in this kitchen provide ample daylight and a view of the natural outdoor setting.

Figure 8.3

This home features several large windows adding to the beauty of the design.

Figure 8.4

The windows in this breakfast nook add to the enjoyment of the space by admitting daylight, a view, and fresh air.

Figure 8.5

Rayleigh scattering

Figure 8.6

Daylight becomes more diffuse on a cloudy day.

Figure 8.7

Light reflects indoors from the ground surfaces outside.

Figure 8.8

VT, SHGC, and LSG value

Figure 8.9

Sun trajectory

Figure 8.10

Daylight penetration

Figure 8.11

The clerestory in this small bathroom brings daylight into the bath/shower enclosure while preserving privacy.

Figure 8.12

The clerestories in this kitchen free up wall space for cabinets and the ventilation hood.

Figure 8.13

Simple domed skylight

Figure 8.14

Skylight

Figure 8.15

Skylight with splayed well

Figure 8.16

Monitor skylights

Figure 8.17

Solar tube

Figure 8.18

A white ceiling provides reflectance in this kitchen where the source of daylight is limited to a single window.

Figure 8.19

Indirect daylight

Figure 8.20

Window with light shelf

Figure 8.21

Clerestory with light shelf

Figure 8.22

 A transparent shower partition allows daylight and electric light from the main bathroom space to light the shower space

Figure 8.23

Sun screen

Figure 8.24

Adjustable shades

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1

This large open kitchen designed with multiple work and seating areas is an inviting space for social interaction and activities.

Figure 9.2

Master bath

Figure 9.3

Guest bath

Figure 9.4

A rendering helps to communicate the concept to the client.

Figure 9.5

Kitchen with pendant lighting at the peninsula

Figure 9.6

A variety of light sources illuminates the food preparation surfaces in this kitchen.

Figure 9.7

Range hood with built-in lighting.

Figure 9.8

Light reflects off the ceiling in this kitchen featuring light surfaces and ample daylight.

Figure 9.9

The chandelier in this kitchen provides soft, diffused lighting over the table where meals and socializing take place.

Figure 9.10

A pendant fixture provides the lighting for this dining area.

Figure 9.11

The separation of this breakfast nook from the food preparation area expands the choice of lighting design options.

Figure 9.12

The placement of the recessed lighting in this kitchen design provides light for the cabinet interior as well as the countertops.

Figure 9.13

Lighting at the mirror is provided by an overhead recessed light as well as pendants on both sides suspended at different levels.

Figure 9.14

Lighting on both sides of the mirror provides effective illumination.

Figure 9.15

Lighting installed behind the mirror in this bathroom provides comfortable illumination.

Figure 9.16

In addition to recessed lighting in the ceiling, this bathroom design includes built-in lighting at both sides of the mirrors for grooming.

Figure 9.17

Colored light in shower

Figure 9.18

Accent lighting in the alcove in this luxurious bathroom can be dimmed to enhance relaxation during an evening bath.

Figure 9.19

The pendant lights hung in front of the mirrors in this universal design bathroom provide ample light for grooming and reading the labels on medicine bottles.

Figure 9.20

A recessed light provides lighting for the toilet area. The opaque screen affords the user some privacy without blocking the light from the rest of the space.

Figure 9.21

Lights installed along the wood beams help to illuminate this kitchen featuring a wood-planked sloped ceiling.

Figure 9.22

The light reflecting off of the iridescent tile in the alcove provides decorative illumination in this bathroom.

Figure 9.23

Lighting in the decorative alcove above the cabinets draws attention to the plate on display.

Figure 9.24

Note the special lighting installation in this kitchen featuring a high, curved, wooden ceiling.

Figure 9.25

This kitchen is nicely illuminated with daylight. Note the recessed light to the right of the stove, which provides needed task lighting since the refrigerator blocks some daylight to the counter.

Figure 9.26

Ceiling construction

Figure 9.27

Small-scale pendant lights were selected for the peninsula in this small apartment kitchen.

Figure 9.28

Lighting above the cabinetry provides uplight for the ceiling.

Figure 9.29

Rendering showing lighting

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1

Lighting facts label

Figure 10.2

Diagram of beam spreads

Figure 10.3

Color rendering index

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1

Screw Shell Incandescent Lamp Bases

Figure 11.2

Common household bulb

Figure 11.3

Common incandescent bulb sizes

Figure 11.4

PAR30L lamp

Figure 11.5

Halogen capsule in lamp

Figure 11.6

Diagram of a fluorescent lamp

Figure 11.7

Diagram of T12, T8, and T5 diameters

Figure 11.8

CFL screw-base lamps

Figure 11.9

Colored LED lighting in a bathroom

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1

Electrical panel

Figure 12.2

The multiple socket light fixture above the mirror provides light for grooming and also contributes to light in the shower area.

Figure 12.3

The smooth, shiny surface on the desk in this space reflects more light than a matte surface would.

Figure 12.4

Translucent pendant fixture

Figure 12.5

Opaque pendant fixture

Figure 12.6

Modern chandelier fixtures

Figure 12.7

Traditional chandelier fixture

Figure 12.8

A scaled sketch can help the designer to visualize how a fixture will look in the space.

Figure 12.9

Two of the recessed lights in this bathroom are directed at the tile wall to highlight the iridescent quality of the tile.

Figure 12.10

Recessed stair fixture

Figure 12.11

Recessed fixture with trim

Figure 12.12

Ceiling mount fixtures

Figure 12.13

A rail system is effective in this space because the ceiling is vaulted and includes multiple skylights.

Figure 12.14

Linear LED tape

Figure 12.15

Semi-surface mounted ceiling fixture

Figure 12.16

The chandelier in this French country style kitchen is a beautiful component of the design.

Figure 12.17

The more opaque pendants in this kitchen direct most of their light downward while the translucent fixtures above the island allow light to spread in all directions.

Figure 12.18

The opaque shades on the chandeliers direct most of their light to the islands.

Figure 12.19

Wall-mounted fixtures

Figure 12.20

Wall-mounted fixtures

Figure 12.21

Table fixture

Figure 12.22

Traditional-style floor fixture

Figure 12.23

Modern-style floor fixture

Chapter 13

Figure 13.1

Forward-phase cut dimming

Figure 13.2

Diagrams of dimmers with and without neutral wires

Figure 13.3

Reverse phase cut dimming

Figure 13.4

Smart dimmer

Figure 13.5

Motion sensor

Figure 13.6

PIR sensor

Figure 13.7

Kitchen plan

Figure 13.8

Kitchen plan—lighting and basic control

Figure 13.9

Programmable keypad

Figure 13.10

Bathroom lighting plan and system

Chapter 14

Figure 14.1

Luminaire label

Figure 14.2

Scallop effect on cabinets created by recessed downlights in the soffit

Figure 14.3

The under cabinet lighting in this kitchen provides task lighting for the counters and draws attention to the brick detail of the backsplash.

Figure 14.4

Under-cabinet lighting should be located at the front of the cabinet.

Figure 14.5

Interior cabinet lighting should be located near the front of the cabinet.

Figure 14.6

Interior cabinet lighting can also be installed along the side of the cabinet.

Figure 14.7

This bathroom includes several types of lighting applications. Note the ceiling, mirrors, and alcoves.

Figure 14.8

Lighting from all sides is built into these electric mirrors.

Figure 14.9

Lighting from both sides of the mirror

Figure 14.10

Lighting from above the mirror

Figure 14.11

Shower without its own light source

Figure 14.12

Lighting can enhance the bathing experience.

Figure 14.13

Locating accent lighting

Figure 14.14

It is important to coordinate the finishes on the lighting fixtures in relation to the other fixtures in the space.

Chapter 15

Figure 15.1

Reflected ceiling plan

Figure 15.2

The lighting design in this kitchen was based on the reflected ceiling plan seen in Figure 15.1.

Figure 15.3

Example of indirect lighting detail

Figure 15.4

Example of cove detail

Figure 15.5

Example of fixture dimension

Figure 15.6

Coffer detail

Figure 15.7

Ventana fixture - 700WSVNTZLED

Figure 15.8

Example of schedule

Figure 15.9

Example of switching symbols

Figure 15.10

Pendant fixture

Chapter 16

Figure 16.1

Framing stage of construction

Figure 16.2

Installing switching at framing stage of construction

Figure 16.3

Completed kitchen

Figure 16.4

Example of submittal by Philips

Figure 16.5

Lighting agent and designer

Figure 16.6

Vivid Concepts lighting showroom located in Edmonton, AB, Canada

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Preface

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Preface

Welcome to Kitchen & Bath Lighting. As vision is our most significant sense, so lighting is critical to our perception of the world around us and to our effective performance, attractive appearance, and healthy emotions.

Lighting is one of the elements of design. Some might say it is the most important as without it we would not be able to see the other elements. It can enhance the look and feel of a space or detract from it if done incorrectly.

Kitchens and baths represent the residential spaces where lighting is used most often and most critically. The principles of lighting kitchen tasks and social areas often can be applied to other work and living spaces, while understanding how to light at a bathroom vanity can inform attractive lighting for conversations throughout the home.

ORGANIZATION

This book is intended both to provide a sound basis in the fundamentals of lighting and to guide in the application of lighting to the two most critical task spaces of the home. We approach kitchen and bath lighting in several broad categories familiar to designers.

In chapters 1 through 6 we focus on the fundamentals of lighting and discuss how we see materials, spaces, and each other; how to calibrate lighting for different tasks; and how to modulate lighting as we age.

Chapters 7 and 8 explore the importance of sustainable lighting and daylighting.

In Chapter 9 we cover schematic design by presenting a visual vocabulary for speaking about lighting and applying these ideas to conceptualizing lighting for kitchen and bath spaces.

Chapters 10 through 12 provide important information on choosing and comparing light sources and fixtures and in Chapter 13 lighting controls are discussed.

Chapter 14 explains the many aspects of design development including the selection of light sources, luminaires, and controls and the processes involved in locating equipment, calculating illumination, and addressing code compliance.

Chapter 15 covers the important topics of documenting the lighting design and communicating the design to the construction team and finally, in Chapter 16 we explain the process and critical issues involved with getting lighting built in the real world.

SOME CURRENT ISSUES

Three critical issues stand out today: changing lighting technology, sustainable design approaches, and lighting for older eyes.

If this book had been written 50 years ago, the lighting principles—how we see and how to arrange lighting—would have been largely the same. But, of course, technology in the twentieth century would have been significantly different. Indeed, if the book had been written even just a few years ago, light sources, luminaires, and controls would be considerably different.

Most notably, LEDs—light-emitting diodes—are rapidly changing what we light with, how light colors what we see, how it looks in our homes, and how it affects the natural environment. At the same time, control over lighting has become both more convenient and more sophisticated. The combination of digital light sources (LEDs) and digital controls promises a future of lighting that adapts readily to different needs, uses, and preferences. With the majority of the population working and playing on video displays of some kind, the way we light spaces has changed completely as well.

Around the globe, developing economies are trying to meet the fast-rising expectations of their populations. A peaceful world will need sustainable lighting—lighting that meets the human needs of today with the least impact on energy and other natural resources so as not to compromise future generations.

Young people often can work without any electric lighting. As people age, we typically use lighting more often and in greater quantity. This progression is inevitable, at least for most of us. And for much of the developing world, it is true not only for individuals but for the population as a whole. Providing for the range of needs required by residents of varying ages is a critical challenge for lighting design.

We pick up the strands of these issues throughout the book. Woven together, they help us to think about lighting holistically: who the lighting is for, what their needs and desires are, and how we can use design and technology to meet their needs and even exceed their expectations.

Dan Blitzer

I feel very grateful to have the opportunity to share my knowledge of and enthusiasm for the interior design industry, specifically kitchen and bath design. The National Kitchen & Bath Association's commitment to education in this area of expertise has been incredible. Johanna Baars, Publications Specialist, Lisa H-Millard, Course Developer, and Debby Mayberry, Learning and Development Implementation Specialist, have been instrumental in providing support and encouragement to me throughout this process.

The team at my firm and my family at home have also been supportive and excited about this new book added to the series. Thanks to all. I give my best to future kitchen and bath designers. I hope you enjoy your journey as much as I have enjoyed mine so far.

Tammy MacKay

Acknowledgments

The NKBA gratefully acknowledges the following peer reviewers of this book:

Kristen Arnold

Jeff Dross

Robert Dupuy

Cheryl A. Glazier, CKD, CBD

Corey Klassen, CKD, CBD

Anna Mahan

Natalia Pierce, AKBD

2Seeing Materials

Light has distinctive qualities of color and form. Materials also present different qualities of color, form, and texture. In this chapter, we explore the different qualities of light and begin to see how those qualities interact with materials.

Learning Objective 1: Explain in plain language how we see color.

Learning Objective 2: Identify the primary colors of light, and explain why they are primary.

Learning Objective 3: Compare concentrated and diffuse light.

Learning Objective 4: Describe how light is reflected by matte and shiny surfaces.

Learning Objective 5: Distinguish between specularity and reflectivity.

COLOR

If light is invisible, how can it be said to have color? Observe the changing quality of skylight, the progression of sunlight from dawn to noon to dusk. Do you doubt that light indeed has color?

We explain this puzzle by dividing the subject of color into two parts:

The makeup of light itself—color in the energy that enables us to see

The interaction of light and material—color as we experience it

Color in Light

Look at the sky after a rainstorm. Pick up a prism and capture sunlight on its way to a nearby wall. You will see the familiar spectrum (see Figure 2.1) and perhaps remember ROYGBIV from school. ROYGBIV is the mnemonic for red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet, the colors we see as the sunlight separates by wavelength.

Figure 2.1 Spectrum from a prism

What we call white light—daylight and most electric light sources—combines light at different wavelengths. As light passes through refractive materials (e.g., droplets of water or a crystal prism), the constituent wavelengths are bent to differing degrees. Shorter wavelengths (blue) bend more than longer ones (red).

Refraction and Wavelength

You can see the varying refraction of wavelengths in the rainbow, where the inner bands are blue-violet and the outer band is red. In simple terms, this also explains why the sky is blue: Light entering Earth’s atmosphere refracts slightly. Shorter blue wavelengths bend more than the others and so become visible as skylight.

Rainbows have been around since the dawn of time, but understanding what they mean with regard to light is relatively recent. You can replicate Isaac Newton’s experiment by using two prisms. The first one separates light into different wavelengths; the second one reassembles those wavelengths to create white light and demonstrates that the “white” of light is nothing more than the combination of all colors of the spectrum.

Returning to our first question—What makes light appear in different tones of white?—it is the proportion of different wavelengths of energy. Afternoon skylight with its bluish tint, as seen in Figure 2.2, has a strong component of short wavelengths. At dawn or dusk, longer wavelengths predominate, and the light acquires a reddish tinge (see Figure 2.3). We call this the spectral power distribution of the light source.

Figure 2.2 Daylight in the afternoon

Photo by Dodge + Burn Photography

Figure 2.3 Daylight at dusk

Photo by Dodge + Burn Photography

Color Vision

In this chapter, we introduce the basic photoreceptors of the eye. Of these, it is the cones that play the key role in color vision. Cones respond to different wavelengths of light, enabling us to distinguish color. There are three types of cones:

Those most sensitive to long wavelengths of light (e.g., red)

Those most sensitive to medium wavelengths of light (e.g., green)

Those most sensitive to short wavelengths of light (e.g., blue)

Light arriving at the retina stimulates the cones according to the wavelengths in the light. Those signals combine in the brain to be interpreted as color.

Think about all of the colors that you can perceive or imagine all of the possible combinations of wavelengths in light. All of that input is received by just three photoreceptors. In other words, all perceived color is the result of three neural stimuli. We call these three colors of light—red, green, and blue—the primary colors of light. From them, we can create any other color. And we can create the sensation of white by combining them all (see Figure 2.4).

Figure 2.4 Blending the primary colors of light

White Light