Modern Building Design E-Book

Ricardo Codinhoto

• Herausgeber: Crowood
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Sprache: Englisch

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2019

Beschreibung

Climate change, technology, and regulation are just some of the challenges faced by the architecture, engineering and construction industry in the design and build of modern buildings. This book explores these trends, highlighting how higher education and the construction sector can address these challenges through modern design practices and integrated approaches. It explores the following topics: conflicting design tensions in projects; the concept of Defornocere ('ugly through harm'); the emerging role of the design manager; buildings and their impact on health and wellbeing, and the importance of information modelling for enhanced design. Energy modelling and life-cycle analysis along with multidisciplinary building design and design trade-offs are covered too. With case studies and supporting illustrations this book will guide you to a better understanding of modern building design.

Leseprobe

MODERNBUILDING DESIGN

Evidencing changes in engineering and design practice

MODERNBUILDING DESIGN

Evidencing changes in engineering and design practice

Edited by Dr Ricardo Codinhoto

First published in 2019by The Crowood Press LtdRamsbury, MarlboroughWiltshire SN8 2HR

www.crowood.com

[email protected]

This e-book first published in 2019

© 2019 Ricardo Codinhoto, editorial and selection matter; individual chapters, the respective authors

All rights reserved. This e-book is copyright material and must not be copied, reproduced, transferred, distributed, leased, licensed or publicly performed or used in any way except as specifically permitted in writing by the publishers, as allowed under the terms and conditions under which it was purchased or as strictly permitted by applicable copyright law. Any unauthorised distribution or use of this text may be a direct infringement of the author’s and publisher’s rights, and those responsible may be liable in law accordingly.

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN 978 1 78500 664 7

Frontispiece: Alliander Office, Duiven, Netherlands; Design: Fokkema & Partners; © Image Courtesy of Fokkema & Partners

To James, Gio and JunoTo my dad Rui Codinhoto

Contents

Note on the editor }

Contributors }

Acknowledgements }

Forewords }

Introduction }

Chapter 1 }Are Buildings Evil? Professor David Coley and Martin GledhillChapter 2 }The Design Manager Professor Stephen EmmittChapter 3 }Building Information Modelling Dr Ricardo CodinhotoChapter 4 }Building Performance Simulation Dr Tristan KershawChapter 5 }Multi-disciplinary Integrated Design: Facade Engineering and Sustainable Design Dr Steve LoChapter 6 }Place-making and Wellbeing Dr Ricardo Codinhoto and Dr Steve LoChapter 7 }Circular Economy Dr Alex CoppingChapter 8 }Integrated Design Education Process: Design Project Applications Sarah Gibson

Index }

Note on the editor

Dr Ricardo Codinhoto is an architect and urban planner with an MSc in Integrated Design and a PhD in Design Theory and Evidence-Based Design. He is a leading academic in the field of architecture, built environment and design, specializing in decision-making in design. His research focus is on multi-disciplinary decision-making in the areas of evidence-based design, design for health and wellbeing, design theory and practice, lean design, building information modelling and WELL and BREEAM standards. He is interested in building design, in particular care and learning environments enabling independent living for people with mental disorders such as dementia and autism, and non-communicable diseases such as obesity. His research has been funded by various councils such as EPSRC, AHRC and MRC and he is a founder of various research centres and institutes.

Currently, he is an Associate Professor in the UK’s leading Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Centre for Advanced Studies in Architecture (CASA) at the University of Bath, which is also REF number one for research in the built environment. He is the joint editor-in-chief for the renowned international journal Architectural Engineering and Design Management where he seeks to develop a gender-balanced editorial board and scientific committee. He is also a reviewer for over fifteen mainstream international journals. He has worked at the highest levels with respected industry bodies including RIBA, ICE and BRE. His research and scholarship related to BIM and evidence-based design is internationally recognized. He has delivered keynotes nationally and internationally and worked collaboratively with institutions in Australia, Brazil, Colombia, Finland, Japan, Italy and Portugal. He is a visiting academic at the International Institute for Innovation, Competitiveness and Design which is led by the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul in collaboration with Harvard University, Illinois Institute of Technology, University of California, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Delft University and Universidad de Saragoça. He has the same role at the new Mediated Intelligence in Design Centre at Deakin University and the Institute of Architecture and Urbanism at the University of Sao Paulo (USP) where he also co-supervises PhD students.

Contributors

Professor David Coley

David Coley is Professor of Low Carbon Design at the University of Bath. His built environment research focuses on minimizing the energy use of buildings through a process of physical design and an understanding of occupant behaviour. He has a particular interest in Passivhaus, due to the way it seems to deliver a much smaller performance gap than other approaches. His climate change research looks at future weather on an hourly time-scale. David has a BSc in Physics and a PhD in Theoretical Nuclear Physics. He was also a founding member of a London-based hedge fund. Alongside academic papers and reports for government, David has written books on energy and climate change, genetic algorithms and rock climbing.

Dr Alex Copping

Dr Alex Copping is an Associate Professor in the Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, University of Bath. Dr Copping is a chartered construction manager, with ten years of practice experience working for contractors and clients before embarking on a career in academia. As an academic, Alex has worked as a director of studies of distance learning programmes for twenty years. He has extensive experience of teaching, programme management and curriculum development at both undergraduate and postgraduate level. His research interests revolve around the issues of project complexity, project management methodologies and the management of resources in project environments. Alex is currently supervising PhD projects addressing issues of process innovation, BIM maturity assessment tools, knowledge sharing, value benchmarking, sustainable construction management practices and end-of-life component management.

Professor Stephen Emmitt

Stephen Emmitt, BA (Hons.), Dip. Arch., MA (Prof. Ed.), PhD, is an architect and Professor of Architectural Practice at the University of Bath, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering. He is currently head of department and director of the department’s Centre for Advanced Studies in Architecture (CASA). He is the editor-in-chief of Building Research & Information (BRI) and author of numerous books and articles on design management and architectural technology. Prior to entering education Stephen worked as a design manager in architectural offices, and that experience continues to underpin his interest in creating and delivering design value.

Sarah Gibson

Sarah Gibson has been collaborating as an external design tutor on the Modern Building Design MSc course since its start in 2014. Each year she has played a key role in setting the design brief and performed the role of client for the duration of the module. These schemes are selected from current work being carried out by LaBox Ltd, of which Sarah is a director. The practice was formed in 2000 with Anthony Foy following Sarah’s registration in Spain as an architect. She received a BSc(Hons) from Kingston University, a Dip(Arch) from the Bartlett School of Architecture and a professional practice certificate from the Coŀlegi d’Arquitectes de Catalunya. She has been in private practice for twenty years working on a wide range of schemes, with an emphasis on public engagement and low-carbon design.

Martin Gledhill

Martin Gledhill qualified at the University of Bath under the influence of Michael Brawne, Peter Smithson and Patrick Hodgkinson. For twenty-five years he worked as a practising architect, both within his own practice, Gledhill Walker Architects, and with Feilden Clegg Bradley Studios amongst others. Having been a visiting critic and tutor for many years, Martin joined the Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering at the University of Bath as a full-time member of staff in 2005. For many years he led the BSc Architecture Year 4 Design Studio (known as the degree year) and has variously been the Director of Studies for the BSc and the MArch. He has particular interest in the symbolism and ‘spirituality’ of architecture, arising from a lifelong interest in Jungian psychology and theology. The connections between analytical psychology, the design process and teaching form part of his ongoing research papers. Following an MA in Jungian and Post Jungian Studies he is now developing his dissertation topic Jung and Architecture – ‘The Tower – Myth and Fiction’ as a PhD with Lucy Huskinson. In time and with hope, a book will emerge.

Dr Tristan Kershaw

Tristan Kershaw is a lecturer in Climate Resilience at the University of Bath. Tristan graduated with a Masters degree in Physics in 2004 and went on to study for a PhD in low temperature solid state physics. In 2008, he joined the Centre for Energy and the Environment at the University of Exeter as a research fellow in Climate Change Adaptation, working on a variety of ‘building physics’- related research and consultancy projects. These include the creation of probabilistic future weather years for the UK for the thermal modelling of buildings, as well as the modelling and adaptation of building designs for several exemplar buildings across the UK. In 2014, Tristan joined the University of Bath as a lecturer in the Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, teaching both undergraduate and postgraduate engineers and architects on the topics of building physics, sustainability, climate change, and the dynamic modelling of building designs.

Dr Steve Lo

Dr Steve Lo is an Associate Professor in Sustainable Environmental Engineering in the Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, University of Bath. Dr Lo is currently the Director of Studies for the MSc in Modern Building Design and is a member of the European Facade Network and is on the board of the Society of Façade Engineering. His areas of teaching and research interest include high-performance glazing, adaptive building envelopes, building- and facade-integrated PV. The range of past and current PhD topics under his supervision include: low-carbon building design exemplars, advancing bioclimatic comfort tools, lightweight co-polymer building envelopes, high-performance GFRC complex geometry building envelopes, the impact of elevated temperatures on patient mortality, optimization of climate-adaptive building skins, using hemplime construction to preserve historic collections, and hygroscopic behaviour of earth-based plasters.

Acknowledgements

Writing a book based on ongoing research efforts and designing a new building that incorporates new technologies and processes have many similarities. They require a team that shares the same ethos, a good sense of direction up front and the willingness to contribute personal knowledge, insights and time to a team effort. When designing a building, quite often designers will multitask, splitting time across various projects. Similarly, those contributing to this book did so while also carrying out other duties such as teaching, researching, supervising and managing projects. It has been a rewarding experience in spite of the challenges.

We also acknowledge that without the support of the HEFCE (Higher Education Funding Council for England) this book would not have come to fruition. It was the HEFCE who first pursued the enquiry of how to best integrate higher education, research and practice and funded it. The discussions held between the HEFCE and the University of Bath’s Professors Bernie Morley, Tim Ibel, Gary Hawley, Stephen Emmitt and also Dr Steve Lo, amongst a large number of companies and professionals sitting on our Industry Liaison Panel, led to the development of the MSc in Modern Building Design as a solution for that enquiry. And they were right!

Over 10,000 people have enrolled on the Modern Building Design MOOC and indirectly contributed to this book by helping us, through raising awareness of how important it is to think about building design. They have also helped us by saying what wasn’t quite clear in the messages that we were trying to convey, and above all for sharing the enthusiasm we have and asking for more. This book caters for their (and others’) search for more knowledge.

Foreword

by Professor Bernie Morley

The makings of this book stem from the development of an innovative fifteen-month Masters degree programme at the University of Bath, UK. We were very pleased when the MSc in Modern Building Design project was selected by HEFCE for the highly competitive Postgraduate Support Scheme. It was the first Masters programme in the UK to offer a comprehensive mix of an eight-unit taught element, a professional placement and an industry-led research dissertation based on a real consultancy project, informed by the students’ professional placement. Building on our existing relationships with industry, a crucial factor was that the programme was, and still is, co-designed and co-delivered by industry and addresses problems currently experienced by companies. We were very pleased when the MSc in Modern Building Design project was selected by HEFCE for the highly competitive Postgraduate Support Scheme.

Interest in modern building design continues to be high and, as a result, a three-week taster course was launched as a Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) in March 2017. This has been completed by over 10,000 people from all over the world and has prompted the creation of this book.

This innovative programme is reflected in this book which is a catalyst for thinking differently about postgraduate study and modern building design. The lessons learned from the pilot have been disseminated across the sector, have informed government policy on postgraduate loans, and the model developed has been adapted so that students on other Masters programmes also benefit from the advantages of placements and coworking with industry.

I am delighted to have been involved in a project which has had such a positive impact and to see that our aspiration to share useful knowledge will continue through this book.

Professor Bernie Morley, Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Provost, University of Bath

Foreword

by Arto Kiviniemi

Designing our built environment is currently meeting several major challenges, such as environmental requirements related to: climate change, technological and process changes including building information modelling (BIM), growing populations, the rapid growth of cities, ageing populations in industrialized countries, and the increasing complexity of buildings and their technical systems. For these reasons, this book is a much-needed and excellent addition to the existing design literature. Its holistic approach covers not only the technical challenges in the design process but also the changing business models driving design, such as the circular economy presented in Chapter 7, and how we are now considering the whole lifecycle of buildings in our design approach.

Chapters 1 ‘Are Buildings Evil?’ and 2 ‘The Design Manager’ provide an excellent foundation for the rest of the book by introducing both the old and new challenges impacting building design. This foundation and the book’s holistic approach are essential to the topic, because, for example, BIM is often seen as a technological issue only, but the business and process aspects are actually much more important and yet more difficult to solve in the adoption of BIM, a view clearly expressed in Chapter 3, ‘Building Information Modelling’. People often expect simple answers to complex problems and therefore the industry easily adopts one buzzword at a time, as clearly is now the case with BIM. However, BIM is just one piece in a larger puzzle – an enabler for efficient new processes, but reaping its full benefits requires a significantly different mindset and processes, as Chapters 3, 4 ‘Building Performance Simulation’ and 5 ‘Multi-disciplinary Integrated Design: Facade Engineering and Sustainable Design’ excellently demonstrate. Chapter 6 ‘Place- Making and Wellbeing’ focuses on human needs, coming back to the basic reasons why we design and construct buildings. Chapter 8 ‘Integrated Design Education Process: Design Project Applications’ demonstrates why we need fundamental changes, not only in the industry, but in education too.

The book is easy to read but does not over-simplify the issues. It gives a balanced view of the challenges our industry is facing and the benefits of changing our ways of working. When relevant, the text includes references to more detailed sources. I found the book suitable both for students and experienced designers, and perhaps most importantly for educators, who must change the curricula to meet industry needs and prepare their students for a rapidly changing working environment.

Furthermore, I sincerely hope that this book will also find its way to the major owners and operators of buildings, helping them to realize the benefits of deploying BIM and collaborative design and delivery methods in their projects. Unless owners and operators start procuring BIM-based services and incentivizing service providers to collaborate in new contractual models, where participants ‘share the pain and the gain’, such as in alliancing or integrated project delivery (IPD), the much-needed change from minimizing individual efforts into maximizing the value for their clients will remain difficult and time consuming to achieve.

Arto Kiviniemi, Professor of Digital Architectural Design, University of Liverpool

Introduction

Dr. Ricardo Codinhoto

‘Rather than seeing the energy problem as a short-term transitional period during which we would move from the wasteful practice of burning our precious and non-renewable petro-resources for heat, we seem to have panicked into a vast array of narrowly drawn compliance codes particularly aimed at the building industry and a few others. Little thought seems to have been given to other ramifications, the implications and application of these codes would reveal. In the ten years which have just passed, we are beginning to realize some of these, but the new generation of “over-insulated” structures is already largely in place and growing.

‘Meanwhile, early efforts to simulate alternate-fuel Research and Development have been largely supplanted by emphasis on “finding the last drop of oil” and burning it! Environmental quality has, in many cases, had to “give way” to “cost effective” analysis of “what is affordable” for business while turning a profit. Meanwhile the toxins build; the lakes, bays and parts of the ocean, water, land, and air die.’

Dion Neutra, 1984

Change seems to happen at a very slow pace when it is related to building design practice and building use. The quote from Dion Neutra back in the 1980s was early in calling our attention to what we were already doing to our environment on an unimaginable scale. Not much has changed in building design and construction practice since; by this I mean construction businesses and clients are, in practice, still giving way to cost-effective analysis of what is affordable for business while turning a profit. In the grand scheme of the construction sector, we still largely choose up-front savings over long-term financial and environmental benefits in spite of the socio-technical advancements enabling integrated design.

Still today, there is a groundswell of opinion that improving the design process is about reducing time of design. Conversely, we also argue that the efficiency of a process cannot be at the cost of an ineffective design solution. In other words, to improve the design process could mean, sometimes, making it longer if this leads to an improved result, a building that is built to clients’ and users’ needs, contractors’ targets of cost, time, being without defects and accidents and a building that considers its operations and maintenance targets related to adequacy, low running costs and above all sustainability.

We admire what by and large the Western world has dictated as the vision of economical success. We admire the extremely tall building that generated tons of unnecessary waste and CO2; we admire the empty towers of glass and light that delineate the night skyline of our cities. We crave speed in construction, even though it can lead to poor quality, cracks, air leakages and high maintenance. We are blind to the fact that our sense of aesthetics and our success model will deny a healthy planet for the generations to come.

But it’s not all doom and gloom. In this book we are outspoken in our optimism, which seems to be in short supply these days. We prefer to focus on the fact that the world is getting better. The evidence is out there: we almost doubled life expectancy within the last century, more humans have access to clean water, education, healthcare and information. But, we can do even better. And this is what this book is modestly trying to achieve. We learnt from our research projects developing cutting-edge ideas, from initiatives being developed by our small, medium, large and very large national and multinational industrial partners, from our collaboration with different communities and groups and from our public engagement with them. We praise all the good work that is helping us to imagine and build a new better world.

This is a cross-sectional, multi-disciplinary book that discusses integrated design and a path to a better integration between research, education and practice. The aim of this book is to introduce readers to the various aspects influencing today’s modern building design. By no means does this book cover everything that’s changing the way we think about building design. This book is just a taster that we hope will trigger a thirst for knowledge for what we call modern building design and that hopefully you will understand this already from the first few chapters. This book also aims to respond to requests for more information from the thousands of people that took part in the Modern Building Design MOOC.

Who should read this book? Everyone! If you are a professional or aspiring professional in the construction sector, this book brings insights into new developments that could differentiate your practice as well as general instructions for how to implement some of the ideas presented here. If you are a teacher or a student in the construction sector, this book is filled with examples of good practice and ideas that expand the range of job alternatives that you can look for upon completing your studies. It also fuels critical thinking regarding what we design, and how we design and build our buildings. If you are a person interested in modern building design or simply interested in buildings because you live, work and leisure inside one, this book will provide you with insights into how to look at buildings differently. We also aim that every reader will be able to see defornocere.

To fulfil our aim, in Chapter 1 Professor David Coley and Martin Gledhill, with different lenses, ask the reader to change the way they look at buildings by placing emphasis on the over-glazed facades, the uninsulated walls, the unnecessary radiators, the incomprehensible controls, the gaps around external doors. By paying attention to these elements of poor design and engineering, the authors question the morality and aesthetic qualities of current design and discuss the issue of accountability for bad design and construction amongst construction professionals. The chapter focuses on buildings in relation to their energy consumption and the implications this has for the planet’s climate. It also draws attention to the pernicious relationship between those that live in wealthy energy-profligate societies and who will be safe from the worst impacts of climate change, and those that don’t and who will suffer the most.

Chapter 2 – The Design Manager, by Professor Stephen Emmitt, follows the idea of emerging practices in design and construction and presents a discussion about the role of ‘Design Managers’ as a relatively recent innovation in the architecture, engineering and construction sector (AEC), a role that has evolved in response to the need to better deliver design value to clients and building users alike. As a recent development the application of design management varies considerably across different organizations and not surprisingly there is some confusion about what design managers do. This chapter explains what design management is and how it can deliver value to organizations. The chapter provides examples of how design management is applied in industry and the benefits that may be realized.

Chapter 3 discusses building information modelling (BIM) and how it impacts on all stages of design, construction and use of a building. It deliberates on what constitutes BIM in practice and its different levels of implementation and how it supports Government Construction Strategies. It also discusses how BIM is supporting the integration of every element discussed across all chapters of the book from practice of design and construction, to sustainability, health and considerations about resilience across the whole lifecycle of a building from inception to decommissioning. This chapter discusses the links with smart cities and the Internet of Things (IoT). Whilst it presents the state- of-the-art, it also shows the limitations.

Chapter 4 – Building Performance Simulation by Dr Tristan Kershaw discusses how the practice of design is changing. The author starts with the premise that contextual constraints require improved efficiency and that buildings are becoming more and more complicated and expected to fulfil more functions. As such there is a need to better understand how buildings will perform before they are built. In this respect, thermal modelling is a tool that supports better understanding by predicting a building’s performance not just in terms of how much energy it will use on a monthly or yearly basis and plant sizing, but also highlighting issues for daylighting, glare, ventilation strategies and even how comfortable occupants will be. All this information can be made available, allowing the designer to understand how the design will respond and to improve designs. With sustainability high on the agenda, much emphasis is put on building performance. However, since all calculations for compliance are carried out using historic observations of weather, usually combined into a single data file, little information exists relating to how the design will perform under different climatic conditions that are the result of climate change. Thus, this chapter addresses the challenges and trade-offs of design with additional intelligent data from thermal modelling techniques.

Chapter 5 – Multi-disciplinary Integrated Design: Facade Engineering and Sustainable Design, by Dr Steve Lo, argues that current modern building design involves developing the hard and soft skills required by professionals working in key carbon-dominated built environment sectors. This author argues that the modern professional must have a solid foundation in the fundamental aspects of building physics, regulations and codes, and L-C building envelopes. These areas are embedded into design projects with BIM, smart buildings and dynamic modelling tools overlaying all. Such integration supports better-informed professionals and users with direct industry-relevant skills and competencies. The multi-disciplinary, industryinformed approach linking research and industry seeks to represent the modern design process in the workplace. This way, young professionals can become industry-relevant by developing a comprehensive and well-rounded knowledge base alongside experience of the low-carbon building design process that can also communicate and work with different stakeholders in the industry. In this chapter, the discussion will be supported by examples of advanced facade engineering solutions that could only be achieved through multi-disciplinary integrated design.

Chapter 6 – Place-making and Wellbeing, by Dr Lo and myself, introduces the argument that, in as much as we need sustainable buildings, we need buildings that help life to thrive. In general, humans spend 90 per cent of their time indoors, which means that a person with an average life expectancy will spend at least seventy-two years of his/her life inside a building. In this chapter, the authors will purposefully use the title ‘building health and wellbeing’ to address the impacts of the built environment on health and wellbeing. The discussion will be focused on the positive and negative impacts that buildings can have on users and includes examples of good and bad design relating to the use of buildings. In addition, the chapter discusses how the architectural design process has shifted from being individualistic to more holistic and democratic approaches such as co-design, and how this is helping the incorporation of human-centric approaches to design.

Chapter 7 – Circular Economy, by Dr Alex Copping, shows that the construction sector is one of the world’s largest contributors to waste. This chapter discuss how to reduce waste generation through the adoption of a circular economy approach. It discusses how proactive thinking can enable the construction industry to fully integrate into the circular economy. For that, this chapter presents the current status and challenges of integrating design for deconstruction or disassembly into the construction industry. Existing ineffective relationships between architects, engineers, demolition contractors and communication between stakeholders will be explored and key DfD principles to guide designers will be presented. This chapter contributes towards a better understanding of how the construction industry can adopt a more sustainable alternative to demolition at end of life, enabling future recovery of building components for re-use or relocation rather than recycling.

Finally, Chapter 8 – Integrated Design Education Process: Design Project Applications, by Sarah Gibson, presents architectural design solutions developed within the MSc on Modern Building Design at the University of Bath. Written by the architect who contributes to the MSc course, the chapter explains the case of Lacock, a small town in the UK, where all inhabitants are tenants of the UK’s National Trust. Grade I listed, Lacock is famous for its medieval and Gothic Revival architecture and also for being the setting of some interior scenes in the blockbuster movie Harry Potter. Strict conservation constraints add to the challenge that designers are faced with when designing modern buildings in Lacock. The design project presented in this chapter is a real case, introduced by Lacock inhabitants and relating to their needs for a community centre. The chapter is illustrated with various 3D renderings of solutions developed by students that incorporate many of the aspects of modern building design discussed in this book.

Endnote

In Neutra, R. (1984) Survival Through Design. Thirtieth anniversary collector’s edition. Institute for Survival Press. Printed in the United States of America.

Chapter 1

ARE BUILDINGS EVIL?

Professor David Coley and Martin Gledhill

The dictionary definition of evil is generally configured as the opposite of good. Moreover, it is conceived as both a disposition and an act that in both cases is conscious and deliberate in its intent to do harm, wrongdoing and to destroy. Our purpose here is to ask, are buildings evil? In this chapter, we encourage you to view buildings differently – to consider them from a moral rather than purely aesthetic or apparently functional perspective. In particular we ask you to consider examples from three categories in which buildings are responsible for doing harm by using energy unnecessarily, and thereby accelerating climate change. All of these are set within and have an impact upon the wider context of the world and humanity as a whole. In the first instance this harm might be strategic in that it results from an ill-considered orientation and overall form. In the second it may result from the building’s materiality such as the use of overly glazed facades and poorly insulated walls. And finally it may be systemic, where heating systems with incomprehensible controls run when the rooms are not occupied. If you start to recognize these elements of poor design and engineering we will have been partly successful. However, if you connect those things with the impact they are having on the planet and many of the poorest people in the world, then we will have truly succeeded. We believe for this to happen it requires you to see these poorly performing elements as morally unacceptable and by definition, ugly. In short, we want to foster a link between aesthetic, ecological and moral values.