Nicotine and Tobacco Dependence E-Book

Alan L Peterson

• Herausgeber: Hogrefe Publishing
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Serie: Advances in Psychotherapy - Evidence-Based Practice
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 204

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

This volume in the series Advances in Psychotherapy – Evidence-Based Practice provides health care providers with practical and evidence-based guidance on the diagnosis and treatment of nicotine and tobacco dependence. Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death in the world, and it is the only legally available consumer product that kills people when used entirely as intended. Research over the past several decades has led to the development of a number of evidence-based treatments for nicotine and tobacco dependence that can be delivered by health care professionals in a variety of primary and specialty care settings. This book aims to increase medical, mental health, and dental practitioners' access to empirically supported interventions for nicotine and tobacco dependence, with the hope that these methods will be incorporated into routine clinical practice. The book is both a compact "how-to" reference for clinicians and an ideal educational resource for students and for practice-oriented continuing education. The volume includes tables, boxed clinical pearls, and clinical vignettes, and the appendix includes clinical tools, patient handouts, and links to the top recommended websites for the download of additional patient materials.

Leseprobe

Nicotine and Tobacco Dependence

About the Authors

Alan L. Peterson, PhD, ABPP, is a Professor and the Chief of the Division of Behavioral Medicine in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. He is a licensed clinical psychologist and is board certified in clinical health psychology by the American Board of Professional Psychology. He served on the Institute of Medicine’s Committee on Smoking Cessation in Military and Veteran Populations that published the 2009 book Combating Tobacco Use in Military and Veteran Populations by the National Academies Press.

Mark W. Vander Weg, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Internal Medicine and Psychology at the University of Iowa and a Core Investigator with the Center for Research in the Implementation of Innovative Strategies in Practice (CRIISP) at the Iowa City VA Medical Center.

Carlos Roberto Jaén, MD, PhD, FAAFP, was the Vice Chair of the expert panel that published the 2008 update of the US Public Health Service’s Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence Clinical Practice Guideline. He is Professor and Chair of Family and Community Medicine, and Professor of Epidemiology and Biostatistics at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. He is also Adjunct Professor of Public Health at the University of Texas School of Public Health. He holds doctorates in medicine and epidemiology and community health with a concentration in tobacco control from the State University of New York at Buffalo. He is a practicing family physician.

Advances in Psychotherapy – Evidence-Based Practice

Series Editor

Danny Wedding, PhD, MPH, Professor of Psychology, California School of Professional Psychology / Alliant University, San Francisco, CA

Associate Editors

Larry Beutler, PhD, Professor, Palo Alto University / Pacific Graduate School of Psychology, Palo Alto, CA

Kenneth E. Freedland, PhD, Professor of Psychiatry and Clinical Health Psychology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO

Linda C. Sobell, PhD, ABPP, Professor, Center for Psychological Studies, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL

David A. Wolfe, PhD, RBC Chair in Children’s Mental Health, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, ON

The basic objective of this series is to provide therapists with practical, evidence-based treatment guidance for the most common disorders seen in clinical practice – and to do so in a “reader-friendly” manner. Each book in the series is both a compact “how-to-do” reference on a particular disorder for use by professional clinicians in their daily work, as well as an ideal educational resource for students and for practice-oriented continuing education.

The most important feature of the books is that they are practical and “reader-friendly:” All are structured similarly and all provide a compact and easy-to-follow guide to all aspects that are relevant in real-life practice. Tables, boxed clinical “pearls”, marginal notes, and summary boxes assist orientation, while checklists provide tools for use in daily practice.

Nicotine and Tobacco Dependence

Alan L. Peterson

Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX

Mark W. Vander Weg

Center for Research in the Implementation of Innovative Strategies in Practice (CRIISP), Iowa City VA Medical Center, Departments of Internal Medicine and Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA

Carlos Roberto Jaén

University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX

Library of Congress Cataloging information for the print version of this book is available via the Library of Congress Marc Database

Cataloging data available from Library and Archives Canada

© 2011 by Hogrefe Publishing

http://www.hogrefe.com

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Format: EPUB

ISBN 978-1-61334-324-1

Preface

In the 20th century, tobacco use killed an estimated 100 million people worldwide, making tobacco use the leading preventable cause of death in the world (World Health Organization [WHO], 2008). Tobacco is the only legally available consumer product which kills people when it is used entirely as intended (Walton, Barondess, & Lock, 1994). That is why it has practically become a mantra in the health care field that the single most important thing a person can do to improve his or her health is to quit tobacco. Similarly, most health care clinicians can improve physical and psychological health and save more lives by helping their patients quit tobacco than by any other intervention.

But what is the best way to achieve this often elusive goal? The development of effective behavioral and pharmacological treatments for nicotine and tobacco dependence has created a need for a clinician-friendly book to describe how to use these treatment approaches with their patients. This book attempts to fill that need as it describes the conceptualization, assessment, and treatment of nicotine and tobacco dependence using evidence-based behavioral and pharmacological treatment approaches. Tobacco use is a behavior, and so this book builds upon the principles of behavior change and how the efficacy of medication treatments can be enhanced when combined with behavioral approaches.

No individual health care specialty has captured the market on tobacco cessation. The primary target audience for this book series is psychologists, and they may very well have the highest level of skills to specifically target behavior change. Therefore, psychologists have an opportunity to capture a major portion of health care related to tobacco cessation. However, because tobacco use is present in virtually every patient population, we wrote this book also to target clinicians from a variety of other health care disciplines, including primary and specialty care physicians, dentists, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, social workers, and other mental health counselors. The primary target population for tobacco cessation outlined in this book is adult patients seen in outpatient settings. We have chosen to use the term patients rather than clients throughout the book because this term can be used interchangeably in both mental health and medical settings.

There are at least two primary ways to use this book. First, it can be used as a guide for providing intensive tobacco cessation treatment for patients who are specifically interested in quitting tobacco. Second, it can be used as a way to provide brief interventions with all tobacco users seen in a clinical practice setting – including those who are not seeking out treatment for tobacco cessation. This may even include some patients who upon initial assessment do not appear to be even the least bit interested in quitting. However, as we will review in the book, the majority of individuals currently using tobacco are interested in quitting at some point in the near future, and a skilled psychologist or other health care provider can prompt a quit attempt in the majority of these individuals.

About eight or nine out of every 10 people who quit tobacco do so on their own without any formal intervention by a clinician (Fiore et al., 1990; Zhu, Melcer, Sun, Rosbrook, & Pierce, 2000). From this perspective, quitting tobacco might appear to be relatively easy once an individual decides to quit. Conversely, the majority of individuals who use tobacco are interested in quitting in the near future, yet only about 5% are successful each year (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2002; Hughes, Keely, & Naud, 2004). Even when best-practice approaches are used by the most experienced clinicians, the success rates for tobacco cessation remain rather modest. Long-term abstinence rates rarely exceed 30% in randomized clinical trials. Therefore, we recommend that clinicians approach nicotine and tobacco dependence as they would other chronic mental health or medical conditions. Many patients will require repeated quit attempts over a period of months or years before they are ultimately successful in quitting permanently. Nonetheless, most patients can eventually quit with continued support and encouragement from their health care providers. For some patients, quitting tobacco may be the most difficult thing they ever do. To be successful they may need to fight as if their life depends on it, because it does.

The book is divided into five chapters. The first chapter provides an overall description of nicotine and tobacco dependence, including definitions for common terminology, diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, common comorbidities, and self-report measures of nicotine use and dependence. Although the book emphasizes cigarette smoking cessation, it also applies to other forms of tobacco use, such as smokeless tobacco (dip and chew), cigars, and pipes. Chapter 2 provides a brief review of the most common theories and models of nicotine and tobacco dependence with an emphasis on those with the greatest applicability to the practicing clinician. In Chapter 3, we describe the diagnostic and assessment strategies to help determine the most appropriate treatment approach. Chapter 4 provides details on evidence-based approaches for tobacco cessation, including both brief and intensive treatments. Brief treatments can be integrated into primary or specialty care settings where quitting tobacco is not the primary focus of treatment. The intensive treatment program we outline is designed to be delivered as an eight-session program suitable for psychologists or other mental health practitioners working in an outpatient mental health setting. The Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: 2008 Update by the US Department of Health and Human Services (Fiore, Jaén, Baker, et al., 2008) provides the most comprehensive and up-to-date review of the treatment-outcome literature, assessing the findings of over 8,700 research articles. We reference this guideline frequently throughout the book and provide a concise summary of the findings and principles that are most useful for practicing clinicians. Finally, Chapter 5 includes a series of clinical case vignettes to demonstrate clinicianpatient interactions targeting tobacco cessation. A variety of forms and patient handouts for use in assessment and treatment appear throughout the chapters and in the book’s appendices. In addition, a website is available at http://www.nicotineandtobaccodependence.com for the free download and printing of many of the documents included in the appendices, as well as additional forms and handouts that are useful for clinicians and patients. We hope this book is a valuable guide for clinicians and other health care providers to help them assist their patients to successfully quit tobacco and to stay quit permanently.

Acknowledgments

We are indebted to Danny Wedding (series editor), Linda Sobell (associate editor), and Robert Dimbleby (Hogrefe Publishing) for their invaluable guidance and suggestions regarding our book. We are also appreciative of the research assistance of Julie Collins, Antoinette Brundige, Crystal Mendoza, and Elizabeth Cedillos in the completion of this book. Perhaps most of all, we are grateful to the thousands of patients and research participants with whom we have worked and from whom we have learned in their endeavors to quit tobacco.

Dedication

I dedicate this book to my wife, Sandy, and our two sons, Dane and Stefan. They have inspired me and taught me some of the most important lessons in life. I also dedicate this book to my parents, Charles and Jean Peterson, both of whom died from smoking-related lung cancer and provided inspiration to me to pursue clinical and research work in tobacco cessation.

ALP

I dedicate this book to Denise, Mary, and Caroline for their endless support and inspiration.

MWVW

I dedicate this book to my wife, Diane, and our children (Jaime, Ricardo, Marialicia, Alexander, Luis Carlos, Juan Pablo, and Daniel), whose unconditional support and love have sustained me professionally and personally. I also dedicate this book to my father, Roberto, whose life’s testimony and early death inspired me to improve prevention and promote health for all.

CRJ

Table of Contents

Preface

Acknowledgments

Dedication

1         Description of Nicotine and Tobacco Dependence

1.1      Terminology

1.1.1   DSM-IV-TR

1.1.2   ICD-10

1.2      Definitions

1.2.1   Dependence, Addiction, and Abuse

1.2.2   Tolerance, Withdrawal, and Compulsive Use

1.3      Epidemiology

1.4      Course and Prognosis

1.5      Differential Diagnosis

1.6      Comorbidities

1.7      Diagnostic Procedures and Documentation

1.7.1   Assess Tobacco Use During Every Initial Evaluation

1.7.2   Document Tobacco Use in Patient Records

1.7.3   Nicotine Dependence Should Be Listed as a Clinical Diagnosis

1.8      Self-Report Measures of Nicotine Use and Dependence