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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
Process Plant Design An introductory practical guide to process plant design for students of chemical engineering and practicing chemical engineers. Process Plant Design provides an introductory practical guide to the subject for undergraduate and postgraduate students of chemical engineering, and practicing chemical engineers. * Process Plant Design starts by presenting general background from the early stages of chemical process projects and moves on to deal with the infrastructure required to support the operation of process plants. * The reliability, maintainability and availability issues addressed in the text are important for process safety, and the avoidance of high maintenance costs, adverse environmental impact, and unnecessary process breakdowns that might prevent production targets being achieved. * A practical approach is presented for the systematic synthesis of process control schemes, which has traditionally received little attention, especially when considering overall process control systems. * The development of preliminary piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs) is addressed, which are key documents in process engineering. * A guide is presented for the choice of materials of construction, which affects resistance to corrosion, mechanical design and the capital cost of equipment. * Whilst the final mechanical design of vessels and equipment is normally carried out by specialist mechanical engineers, it is still necessary for process designers to have an understanding of mechanical design for a variety of reasons. * Finally, Process Plant Design considers layout, which has important implications for safety, environmental impact, and capital and operating costs. To aid reader comprehension, Process Plant Design features worked examples throughout the text. Process Plant Design is a valuable resource on the subject for advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students of chemical engineering, as well as practicing chemical engineers working in process design. The text is also useful for industrial disciplines related to chemical engineering working on the design of chemical processes.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2023
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Table of Contents
Cover
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
Preface
Acknowledgments
Nomenclature
Greek Letters
Subscripts
About the Companion Website
Chapter 1: Chemical Process Projects
1.1 The Process Plant Design Problem
1.2 Continuous and Batch Processes
1.3 New Design and Retrofit
1.4 Hazard Management in Process Plant Design
1.5 Project Phases
1.6 Chemical Process Projects – Summary
References
Chapter 2: Process Economics
2.1 Capital Cost Estimates
2.2 Class 5 Capital Cost Estimates
2.3 Class 4 Capital Cost Estimates
2.4 Class 3 to Class 1 Capital Cost Estimates
2.5 Capital Cost of Retrofit
2.6 Annualized Capital Cost
2.7 Operating Cost
2.8 Economic Evaluation
2.9 Investment Criteria
2.10 Process Economics − Summary
Exercises
References
Chapter 3: Development of Process Design Concepts
3.1 Formulation of Design Problems
3.2 Evaluation of Performance
3.3 Optimization of Performance
3.4 Approaches to the Development of Design Concepts
3.5 Screening Design Options
3.6 Influencing the Design as the Project Progresses
3.7 Development of Process Design Concepts – Summary
References
Chapter 4: Heating Utilities
4.1 Process Heating and Cooling
4.2 Steam Heating
4.3 Water Treatment for Steam Generation
4.4 Steam Generation from the Combustion of Fuels
4.5 Steam Generation from Electrical Energy
4.6 Gas Turbines
4.7 Steam Turbines
4.8 Steam Distribution
4.9 Steam Heating Limits
4.10 Fired Heaters
4.11 Other Heat Carriers
4.12 Heating Utilities – Summary
Exercises
References
Chapter 5: Cooling Utilities
5.1 Waste Heat Steam Generation
5.2 Once‐Through Cooling Water Systems
5.3 Recirculating Cooling Water Systems
5.4 Air Coolers
5.5 Refrigeration
5.6 Choice of a Single Component Refrigerant for Compression Refrigeration
5.7 Mixed Refrigerants for Compression Refrigeration
5.8 Absorption Refrigeration
5.9 Indirect Refrigeration
5.10 Cooling Utilities − Summary
Exercises
References
Chapter 6: Waste Treatment
6.1 Aqueous Emissions
6.2 Primary Wastewater Treatment Processes
6.3 Biological Wastewater Treatment Processes
6.4 Tertiary Wastewater Treatment Processes
6.5 Atmospheric Emissions
6.6 Treatment of Solid Particulate Emissions to Atmosphere
6.7 Treatment of VOC Emissions to Atmosphere
6.8 Treatment of Sulfur Emissions to Atmosphere
6.9 Treatment of Oxides of Nitrogen Emissions to Atmosphere
6.10 Treatment of Combustion Emissions to Atmosphere
6.11 Atmospheric Dispersion
6.12 Waste Treatment − Summary
Exercises
References
Chapter 7: Reliability, Maintainability, and Availability Concepts
7.1 Reliability, Maintainability, and Availability
7.2 Reliability
7.3 Repairable and Non‐repairable Systems
7.4 Reliability Data
7.5 Maintainability
7.6 Availability
7.7 Process Shut‐down for Maintenance
7.8 Reliability, Maintainability, and Availability Concepts − Summary
Exercises
References
Chapter 8: Reliability, Maintainability, and Availability of Systems
8.1 System Representation
8.2 Reliability of Series Systems
8.3 Reliability of Parallel Systems
8.4 Availability of Parallel Systems
8.5 Availability of Series Systems
8.6 Redundancy
8.7
k
‐out‐of‐
n
Systems
8.8 Common Mode Failure
8.9 Capacity
8.10 Reliability, Availability, and Capacity
8.11 Monte Carlo Simulation
8.12 Reliability, Maintainability, and Availability of Systems − Summary
Exercises
References
Chapter 9: Storage Tanks
9.1 Feed, Product, and Intermediate Storage
9.2 Intermediate (Buffer) Storage and Process Availability
9.3 Optimization of Intermediate Storage
9.4 Storage Tanks − Summary
Exercises
References
Chapter 10: Process Control Concepts
10.1 Control Objectives
10.2 The Control Loop
10.3 Measurement
10.4 Control Signals
10.5 The Controller
10.6 Final Control Element
10.7 Feedback Control
10.8 Cascade Control
10.9 Split Range Control
10.10 Limit and Selector Control
10.11 Feedforward Control
10.12 Ratio Control
10.13 Computer Control Systems
10.14 Digital Control
10.15 Safety Instrumented Systems
10.16 Alarms and Trips
10.17 Representation of Control Systems
10.18 Process Control Concepts – Summary
Exercise
References
Chapter 11: Process Control – Flowrate and Inventory Control
11.1 Flowrate Control
11.2 Inventory Control of Individual Operations
11.3 Inventory Control of Series Systems
11.4 Inventory Control of Recycle Systems
11.5 Flowrate and Inventory Control – Summary
References
Chapter 12: Process Control – Degrees of Freedom
12.1 Degrees of Freedom and Process Control
12.2 Degrees of Freedom for Process Streams
12.3 Individual Single‐Phase Operations
12.4 Heat Transfer Operations with No Phase Change
12.5 Pumps and Compressors
12.6 Equilibrated Multiphase Operations
12.7 Control Degrees of Freedom for Overall Processes
12.8 Degrees of Freedom – Summary
Exercises
References
Chapter 13: Process Control – Control of Process Operations
13.1 Pump Control
13.2 Compressor Control
13.3 Heat Exchange Control
13.4 Furnace Control
13.5 Flash Drum Control
13.6 Absorber and Stripper Control
13.7 Distillation Control
13.8 Reactor Control
13.9 Control of Process Operations – Summary
Exercises
References
Chapter 14: Process Control – Overall Process Control
14.1 Illustrative Example of Overall Process Control Systems
14.2 Synthesis of Overall Process Control Schemes
14.3 Procedure for the Synthesis of Overall Process Control Schemes
14.4 Evolution of the Control Design
14.5 Process Dynamics
14.6 Overall Process Control – Summary
Exercises
References
Chapter 15: Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams – Piping and Pressure Relief
15.1 Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams
15.2 Piping Systems
15.3 Pressure Relief
15.4 Relief Device Arrangements
15.5 Reliability of Pressure Relief Devices
15.6 Location of Relief Devices
15.7 P&ID Piping and Pressure Relief – Summary
Exercises
References
Chapter 16: Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams – Process Operations
16.1 Pumps
16.2 Compressors
16.3 Heat Exchangers
16.4 Distillation
16.5 Liquid Storage
16.6 P&ID Process Operations – Summary
Exercises
References
Chapter 17: Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams – Construction
17.1 Development of Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams
17.2 A Case Study
17.3 P&ID Construction – Summary
References
Chapter 18: Materials of Construction
18.1 Mechanical Properties
18.2 Corrosion
18.3 Corrosion Allowance
18.4 Commonly Used Materials of Construction
18.5 Criteria for Selection of Materials of Construction
18.6 Materials of Construction – Summary
References
Chapter 19: Mechanical Design
19.1 Stress, Strain, and Deformation
19.2 Combined Stresses
19.3 Spherical Vessels Under Internal Pressure
19.4 Cylindrical Vessels Under Internal Pressure
19.5 Design of Heads for Cylindrical Vessels Under Internal Pressure
19.6 Design of Vertical Cylindrical Pressure Vessels Under Internal Pressure
19.7 Design of Horizontal Cylindrical Pressure Vessels Under Internal Pressure
19.8 Buckling of Cylindrical Vessels Due to External Pressure and Axial Compression
19.9 Welded and Bolted Joints
19.10 Opening Reinforcements
19.11 Vessel Supports
19.12 Design of Flat‐bottomed Cylindrical Vessels
19.13 Shell‐and‐Tube Heat Exchangers
19.14 Mechanical Design – Summary
Exercises
References
Chapter 20: Process Plant Layout − Site Layout
20.1 Site, Process, and Equipment Layout
20.2 Separation Distances
20.3 Separation for Vapor Cloud Explosions
20.4 Separation for Toxic Emissions
20.5 Site Access
20.6 Site Topology, Groundwater, and Drainage
20.7 Geotechnical Engineering
20.8 Atmospheric Discharges
20.9 Wind Direction
20.10 Utilities
20.11 Process Units
20.12 Control Room
20.13 Ancillary Buildings
20.14 Pipe Racks
20.15 Constraints on Site Layout
20.16 The Final Site Layout
20.17 Site Layout − Summary
References
Chapter 21: Process Plant Layout − Process Layout
21.1 Process Access
21.2 Process Structures
21.3 Hazards
21.4 Preliminary Process Layout
21.5 Example – Preliminary Process Layout
21.6 Process Layout – Summary
References
Appendix A: Weibull Reliability Function
Appendix B:
MTTF
for the Weibull Distribution
Appendix C: Reliability of Cold Standby Systems
Reference
Appendix D: Corrosion Resistance Table
Appendix E: Moment of Inertia and Bending Stress for Common Beam Cross‐Sections
E.1 Solid Rectangular Cross‐Section
E.2 Hollow Rectangular Cross‐Section
E.3 Solid Circular Cylinder
E.4 Hollow Circular Cross‐Section
E.5 Approximate Expressions for Thin‐Walled Cylinders
Appendix F: First Moment of Area and Shear Stress for Common Beam Cross‐Sections
F.1 Solid Rectangular Cross‐Section
F.2 Hollow Rectangular Cross‐Section
F.3 Solid Circular Cross‐Section
F.4 Hollow Circular Cross‐Sections
Reference
Appendix G: Principal Stresses
Appendix H: Dimensions and Weights of Carbon Steel Pipes
Appendix I: Bending Moment on Horizontal Cylindrical Vessels Resulting from a Liquid Hydraulic Head
References
Appendix J: Equivalent Cylinder Approximation
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 2
Table 2.1 Different classes of capital cost estimates (ASTM Designation E25...
Table 2.2 Capital cost scaling for different process technologies.
Table 2.3 Typical factors for capital cost based on delivered equipment cos...
Table 2.4 Typical equipment capacity delivered capital cost correlations.
Table 2.5 Typical average equipment materials of construction capital cost ...
Table 2.6 Typical materials of construction capital cost factors for pressu...
Table 2.7 Typical materials of construction capital cost factors for shell‐...
Table 2.8 Typical equipment pressure capital cost factors.
Table 2.9 Typical equipment temperature capital cost factors.
Table 2.10 Modification costs for distillation column retrofit (Bravo 1997)...
Table 2.11 Steam mains pressure settings.
Table 2.12 Predicted annual cash flows.
Table 2.13 Calculation of
DCFRR
for Project
A
.
Table 2.14 Calculation of
DCFRR
for Project
B
.
Table 2.15 Cash flows for two competing projects.
Chapter 4
Table 4.1 Commonly used heating and cooling utilities.
Table 4.2 Steam properties for Exercise 1.
Table 4.3 Enthalpy data for Exercise 5.
Chapter 5
Table 5.1 Freezing and normal boiling points for some common refrigerants....
Table 5.2 Process streams to be cooled by refrigeration.
Table 5.3 Common working fluids for absorption refrigeration.
Chapter 6
Table 6.1 Comparison of biological wastewater treatments.
Table 6.2 Summary of treatment processes for some common contaminants.
Table 6.3 Typical effluent quality for various receiving waters (Adapted fr...
Table 6.4 Methods of control of emissions of solid particles.
Chapter 7
Table 7.1 Probability that a unit will be working for multiples of
MTTF
.
Table 7.2 Component failure data.
Table 7.3 Comparison of maintainability and reliability.
Table 7.4 Reliability and maintainability data for process equipment (Adapt...
Chapter 8
Table 8.1 Failure and repair data for Example 8.6.
Table 8.2 Component reliabilities for Example 8.6.
Table 8.3
MTTR
and repair rates for Example 8.6.
Table 8.4 Failure rates and repair times for the equipment in the environme...
Table 8.5 Failure rates and component reliabilities.
Table 8.6 Component availabilities.
Table 8.7 Component reliabilities with cold standby on all pumps.
Table 8.8 Alternative availability and capacity for single and parallel tra...
Table 8.9 Availability and capacity for a single train and two and three an...
Table 8.10 Failure and repair data for Exercise 3.
Table 8.11 Failure rates for Exercise 7.
Chapter 9
Table 9.1 Upstream and downstream operating scenarios.
Table 9.2 Failure rates and repair times for the equipment in the solvent r...
Chapter 10
Table 10.1 Measurement sensors used in process control.
Chapter 12
Table 12.1 Equations describing a simple flash separator.
Table 12.2 Variables describing a single‐phase stream.
Table 12.3 Variables describing a single‐phase stream using component flowr...
Table 12.4 Constraints for individual single‐phase operations.
Table 12.5 Constraints for multiphase equilibrated systems.
Chapter 15
Table 15.1 Typical fluid velocities for viscous liquids.
Chapter 19
Table 19.1 Effect of the length‐to‐diameter ratio on the drag coefficient f...
Table 19.2 Factor to increase the outside diameter of the column (including...
Table 19.3 Efficiency of welded joints.
Table 19.4 Maximum allowable stresses for a range of materials.
Table 19.5 Pipe details for the distillation column in Example 19.11.
Table 19.6 Dimensions of bolts.
Table 19.7 Property classes of steel bolts.
Chapter 20
Table 20.1 Typical horizontal spacing for fire consequences (Global Asset P...
Table 20.2 Typical horizontal spacing for liquid storage tanks (Global Asse...
Table 20.3 The effects of explosion overpressure (Gugan 1979; Khan and Abba...
Table 20.4 Recommended distances for on‐site access (Mecklenburgh 1985; Mora...
Chapter 21
Table 21.1 Typical in‐process access, walkways, and maintenance clearances....
Table 21.2 Separations used for the plot layout assuming both the reaction ...
Table 21.3 Separations used for the plot layout assuming the reaction secti...
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Synthesis is the creation of a process to transform feed streams ...
Figure 1.2 Process flow diagram for a simple process.
Figure 1.3 Process flow diagram representation for a reactor.
Figure 1.4 Piping and instrumentation diagram representation for the reactor...
Figure 1.5 The hierarchy of hazard management.
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 Steam turbine expansion.
Figure 2.2 Cash flow pattern for a typical project.
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Optimization can be carried out as structural or parameter optimi...
Figure 3.2 The onion model of process design. A reactor is needed before the...
Figure 3.3 A superstructure for the manufacture of benzene from toluene and ...
Figure 3.4 Optimization discards many structural features leaving an optimiz...
Figure 3.5 A project starts by generating design options.
Figure 3.6 The options generated can be screened by evaluation.
Figure 3.7 There are different levels in the formation of any design concept...
Figure 3.8 Errors in the evaluation are often too great to allow screening w...
Figure 3.9 The opportunity to change the design in a project diminishes as t...
Figure 3.10 Spending more time in the Selection and Definition phases of a p...
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 A typical site utility system.
Figure 4.2 Heat recovery should take priority over the use of utilities.
Figure 4.3 Examples of shell‐and‐tube steam heaters.
Figure 4.4 Plate‐and‐frame steam heater.
Figure 4.5 Reboiler designs.
Figure 4.6 Process vaporizer arrangements.
Figure 4.7 A steam trap allows condensate to pass, but not steam.
Figure 4.8 Steam traps.
Figure 4.9 Flash steam recovery.
Figure 4.10 Steam condensation with subcooling.
Figure 4.11 Steam condensation with desuperheating in a horizontal design....
Figure 4.12 A desuperheater.
Figure 4.13 Boiler feedwater treatment.
Figure 4.14 Fire‐tube (or shell) boiler.
Figure 4.15 Water‐tube boiler.
Figure 4.16 Fluidized bed boiler.
Figure 4.17 Model of steam boiler.
Figure 4.18 Electric resistance steam boiler.
Figure 4.19 Electrode steam boiler using immersed electrodes.
Figure 4.20 Electrode steam boiler using spray contacting.
Figure 4.21 Gas turbine configurations.
Figure 4.22 Gas turbine with single pressure heat recovery steam generator (...
Figure 4.23 Configuration of steam turbines.
Figure 4.24 Features of a typical steam distribution system.
Figure 4.25 A steam system with two boilers.
Figure 4.26 A modified steam system with an electric boiler to reduce the gr...
Figure 4.27 An alternative modified steam system with an electric boiler to ...
Figure 4.28 Different furnace configurations.
Figure 4.29 A typical furnace arrangement.
Figure 4.30 A simple model of furnace efficiency.
Figure 4.31 Fired heater with air preheat.
Figure 4.32 Air preheat increases the theoretical flame temperature and furn...
Figure 4.33 Hot oil circuit.
Figure 4.34 Molten salt circuit.
Figure 4.35 Phthalic anhydride separation system.
Figure 4.36 Phthalic anhydride steam system.
Figure 4.37 Furnace efficiency for hot oil circuit.
Figure 4.38 A steam turbine and bypass system.
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 Steam generation from waste heat recovery.
Figure 5.2 Recirculating cooling water system.
Figure 5.3 Cooling water performance.
Figure 5.4 Relationship between makeup water and blowdown for cooling towers...
Figure 5.5 Air‐cooled heat exchangers.
Figure 5.6 Some typical layouts of the air‐cooled heat exchangers.
Figure 5.7 A‐frame air‐cooled heat exchanger.
Figure 5.8 Simple compression cycle with expansion valve and non‐ideal compr...
Figure 5.9 Simple compression cycle with subcooled condensate.
Figure 5.10 Performance of practical refrigeration cycles.
Figure 5.11 Multistage compression and expansion with an economizer.
Figure 5.12 Multistage compression and expansion with a pre‐saturator.
Figure 5.13 A cascade cycle.
Figure 5.14 Cascade cycle with multistage compression and expansion.
Figure 5.15 A two‐level refrigeration cycle.
Figure 5.16 Choice of refrigerant for pressure.
Figure 5.17 Operating ranges of refrigerants.
Figure 5.18 Pure and mixed refrigerants.
Figure 5.19 A simple refrigeration cycle using a mixed refrigerant.
Figure 5.20 Effect of pressure on temperature feasibility for liquefaction o...
Figure 5.21 Effect of refrigerant flowrate on temperature feasibility for li...
Figure 5.22 Effect of refrigerant composition on temperature feasibility for...
Figure 5.23 Compression versus absorption refrigeration.
Figure 5.24 A typical absorption refrigeration arrangement.
Figure 5.25 Indirect refrigeration.
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 A typical water and effluent treatment system.
Figure 6.2 Water re‐use and regeneration.
Figure 6.3 Distributed effluent treatment.
Figure 6.4 Segregation of liquid effluents using separate drains.
Figure 6.5 A clarifier for liquid–solid separation.
Figure 6.6 A typical API (American Peroleum Institute) separator.
Figure 6.7 Dissolved air flotation (DAF).
Figure 6.8 A typical wet oxidation process.
Figure 6.9 Suspended growth aerobic digestion.
Figure 6.10 Attached growth aerobic digestion.
Figure 6.11 Suspended growth anaerobic digestion using an upward flow anaero...
Figure 6.12 Attached growth anaerobic digestion using a fluidized anaerobic ...
Figure 6.13 A reed bed.
Figure 6.14 Gravity settler for the separation of gas–solid mixtures.
Figure 6.15 Inertial separators increase the efficiency of separation by giv...
Figure 6.16 A cyclone generates centrifugal force by the fluid motion.
Figure 6.17 Various scrubber designs can be used to separate solid from gas ...
Figure 6.18 Venturi scrubber designs can be used to separate solid from gas ...
Figure 6.19 A bag filter arrangement.
Figure 6.20 Electrostatic precipitation.
Figure 6.21 Refrigeration is usually required for the condensation of vapor ...
Figure 6.22 Direct contact condensation.
Figure 6.23 Recovery of VOCs using membranes.
Figure 6.24 Adsorption with a three‐bed system.
Figure 6.25 An elevated steam‐assisted flare stack.
Figure 6.26 Different arrangements for thermal oxidation.
Figure 6.27 Catalytic thermal oxidation.
Figure 6.28 A bioscrubber for treatment of VOC.
Figure 6.29 Chemical absoption for acid gases.
Figure 6.30 Physical absoption for acid gases.
Figure 6.31 Removal of H
2
S using the Claus process.
Figure 6.32 Claus process tail gas clean‐up.
Figure 6.33 Removal of SO
2
using wet limestone scrubbing.
Figure 6.34 Removal of SO
2
using dry limestone scrubbing.
Figure 6.35 Removal of NO
x
using selective non‐catalytic reduction.
Figure 6.36 Removal of NO
x
using selective catalytic reduction.
Figure 6.37 Post‐combustion arrangements for the separation of CO
2
with air ...
Figure 6.38 Pre‐combustion arrangements for the separation of CO
2
.
Figure 6.39 Stack height.
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 Reliability, maintainability, and availability.
Figure 7.2 Standby equipment to maintain production in the event of equipmen...
Figure 7.3 Parallel trains can be used to maintain production in the event o...
Figure 7.4 Intermediate storage can be used to maintain production in the ev...
Figure 7.5 Failure and reliability functions.
Figure 7.6 The failure and reliability functions are mirror images of each o...
Figure 7.7 The probability density function.
Figure 7.8 The variation of failure rate through time tends to follow a “bat...
Figure 7.9 Mechanical systems might show early onset of wear‐out.
Figure 7.10 Reliability function with a constant failure rate.
Figure 7.11 The Weibull distribution allows decreasing, increasing, or const...
Figure 7.12 A mean time to failure (MTTF) can be defined for non‐repairable ...
Figure 7.13 Failure of repairable systems.
Figure 7.14 Failure data for a system.
Figure 7.15 A plot of the data assuming a constant failure rate shows an acc...
Figure 7.16 The data analysis so far assumes the data set is complete with a...
Figure 7.17 Right censored data feature units still running and the failure ...
Figure 7.18 Interval censored data feature units that have failed but the ex...
Figure 7.19 Left censored data feature units that have failed before a certa...
Figure 7.20 To define the availability requires the mean uptime and downtime...
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 Four of the logic symbols used in fault tree analysis.
Figure 8.2 Comparison between fault trees and reliability block diagrams.
Figure 8.3 Series systems.
Figure 8.4 Parallel system of two components.
Figure 8.5 Parallel system of three components.
Figure 8.6 Reliability of different series–parallel arrangements.
Figure 8.7 A simple example of a process flow diagram with two pumps and a f...
Figure 8.8 Reliability of a more complex system can be determined by decompo...
Figure 8.9 Reliability block diagram for a complex parallel arrangement.
Figure 8.10 A Venn diagram representing the availability of two components i...
Figure 8.11 Availability for series systems can be determined by decomposing...
Figure 8.12 Availability of a pumping system.
Figure 8.13 Availability of a pumping system.
Figure 8.14 Different redundancy levels.
Figure 8.15 Hot and cold standby.
Figure 8.16 Availability of standby systems.
Figure 8.17 Redundancy for a steam boiler system with all boilers on part lo...
Figure 8.18 Different operating strategies for boiler redundancy.
Figure 8.19 Reliability block diagram for
k
‐out‐of‐
n
redundancy.
Figure 8.20 Example of a common mode failure that causes the system to fail....
Figure 8.21 Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear power plant electricity supply.
Figure 8.22 Three Mile Island power plant standby pumping system.
Figure 8.23 Exhaust gas pre‐scrubbing system.
Figure 8.24 Reliability block diagram of vent gas environmental system.
Figure 8.25 An example comparison between a single production train and two ...
Figure 8.26 Comparison between a single production train and two parallel tr...
Figure 8.27 Comparison between a single production train, two trains in para...
Figure 8.28 Two alternative designs with the same availability but different...
Figure 8.29 Reliability after maintenance.
Figure 8.30 A single unit characterized by an exponential reliability distri...
Figure 8.31 Random points generated for
F
(
t
) over the interval (0, 1) with a...
Figure 8.32 Monte Carlo simulation for a single unit.
Figure 8.33 Monte Carlo simulation for a network.
Figure 8.34 For each individual simulation the network will not have failed ...
Figure 8.35 Reliability block diagram for Exercise 2.
Figure 8.36 Pumping system for Exercise 3.
Figure 8.37 Direct contact heat transfer system for Exercise 7.
Figure 8.38 Different pump designs for Exercise 8.
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 Capacity of liquid storage tanks.
Figure 9.2 Intermediate (buffer) storage.
Figure 9.3 Intermediate storage can be used to maintain production in the ev...
Figure 9.4 Operating Policy A.
Figure 9.5 Operating Policy A tank level.
Figure 9.6 Operating Policy B.
Figure 9.7 Operating Policy B tank level.
Figure 9.8 Operating Policy C.
Figure 9.9 Operating Policy C tank level.
Figure 9.10 System availability.
Figure 9.11 Processes with multiple units.
Figure 9.12 Capacity of liquid storage tank for Example 9.1.
Figure 9.13 A solvent recovery process.
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 Stability of control response.
Figure 10.2 A basic control loop.
Figure 10.3 A reverse acting comparator calculates the difference between th...
Figure 10.4 Typical responses from proportional and integral control modes....
Figure 10.5 Typical responses from derivative control modes.
Figure 10.6 A reverse acting comparator calculates the error, generates P, I...
Figure 10.7 A reverse acting comparator calculates the error that is used to...
Figure 10.8 Pneumatically actuated control valves.
Figure 10.9 An example of a pneumatically actuated control valve.
Figure 10.10 Pneumatic control valve positioner.
Figure 10.11 An example of a pneumatic control valve positioner.
Figure 10.12 An example of an electric control valve actuator.
Figure 10.13 Fail safe positions for control valves.
Figure 10.14 A distillation column with control valves on the heating and co...
Figure 10.15 Fail closed or fail open valves requires reverse or direct acti...
Figure 10.16 A basic feedback control loop.
Figure 10.17 A simple feedback control loop to heat a liquid tank.
Figure 10.18 Two tanks full of liquid, each with the same capacity, but diff...
Figure 10.19 A cascade control system.
Figure 10.20 Dryer temperature control system.
Figure 10.21 Split range control.
Figure 10.22 Split range control of a batch reactor.
Figure 10.23 Split range control of a nitrogen purge.
Figure 10.24 High and low limits and selectors.
Figure 10.25 High and low select overrides for a pumping system.
Figure 10.26 Feedforward control.
Figure 10.27 A pure feedforward control arrangement to heat a liquid tank.
Figure 10.28 Rather than the feedforward controller controlling the steam co...
Figure 10.29 A feedforward control arrangement including feedback features t...
Figure 10.30 A ratio control system.
Figure 10.31 Ratio control of a process mixing arrangement.
Figure 10.32 Ratio control of a process mixing arrangement.
Figure 10.33 A ratio control arrangement providing feedforward control to he...
Figure 10.34 Computer control systems.
Figure 10.35 A typical distributed control system (DCS).
Figure 10.36 Multiple‐input–multiple‐output (MIMO) control.
Figure 10.37 Model predictive control (MPC).
Figure 10.38 Model predictive control sampling and horizons.
Figure 10.39 Abbreviations used for instrumentation and control functions.
Figure 10.40 Some examples of abbreviations for instrumentation and control ...
Figure 10.41 Representation of different kinds of control devices.
Figure 10.42 Examples of different kinds and locations of control devices.
Figure 10.43 Representation of different types of signals used in control.
Figure 10.44 Examples of conceptual process control schemes.
Figure 10.45 Feed system for a steam reformer to react steam and methane ove...
Figure 10.46 Conceptual design of feed control to a steam reformer.
Figure 10.47 Design of feed control to a steam reformer.
Figure 10.48 Feed arrangement for an ammonia synthesis reactor.
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1 Location of the flowmeter relative to the control valve in a con...
Figure 11.2 Incompressible liquid flows in a fixed volume with no reaction o...
Figure 11.3 Compressible gaseous flows in a fixed volume with no reaction or...
Figure 11.4 Compressible gaseous inventory control in different directions w...
Figure 11.5 Liquid inventory control with no reaction or phase change.
Figure 11.6 Direction of liquid inventory control.
Figure 11.7 Direction of level control.
Figure 11.8 Cascade level control.
Figure 11.9 Two‐phase vapor–liquid separator.
Figure 11.10 Liquid inventory control for series systems.
Figure 11.11 Liquid inventory control for series systems with flowrate contr...
Figure 11.12 A gaseous catalytic reactor.
Figure 11.13 A gaseous catalytic reactor with inventory control.
Figure 11.14 Partial condensation and separation of the reactor effluent.
Figure 11.15 Inventory control for the reactor and flash drum.
Figure 11.16 Inventory control for the flash drum also provides inventory co...
Figure 11.17 Inventory control for recycle processes.
Figure 11.18 Arrangements that control the inventory of the recycle system....
Figure 11.19 Arrangements that do not control the inventory of the recycle s...
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1 A flash drum separation.
Figure 12.2 Control system for the flash drum separation.
Figure 12.3 Control system for the flash drum separation with liquid invento...
Figure 12.4 Control degrees of freedom of a simple vessel with a constant in...
Figure 12.5 Degrees of freedom for splitting operations.
Figure 12.6 Control of splitting operations.
Figure 12.7 Degrees of freedom for mixing operations.
Figure 12.8 Control of splitting operations.
Figure 12.9 Mixer control with flowrate control of both inlet streams, press...
Figure 12.10 A process heat exchanger.
Figure 12.11 Control of utility exchangers.
Figure 12.12 A process to process a heat exchanger.
Figure 12.13 Another process to process a heat exchanger.
Figure 12.14 A process fired heater.
Figure 12.15 A fixed speed centrifugal pump.
Figure 12.16 Centrifugal compressor operating curves matched against system ...
Figure 12.17 Streams for the flash drum separation.
Figure 12.18 Vapor–liquid–liquid separator with energy input/output.
Figure 12.19 Control of an adiabatic vapor–liquid–liquid separator.
Figure 12.20 Partial vaporization and condensation.
Figure 12.21 Total vaporization and condensation.
Figure 12.22 Cascade of equilibrium stages.
Figure 12.23 Cascade of equilibrium stages with intermediate feed.
Figure 12.24 A liquid feed needs to be preheated by low‐pressure steam and h...
Figure 12.25 Stream numbering for the feed preheat system with the steam str...
Figure 12.26 Stream numbering for the feed preheat system with all streams c...
Figure 12.27 Control system for the preheat.
Figure 12.28 Degrees of freedom for distillation with a total condenser and ...
Figure 12.29 Degrees of freedom for an alternative arrangement around the re...
Figure 12.30 Degrees of freedom for distillation with a total condenser and ...
Figure 12.31 Degrees of freedom for distillation with a total condenser and ...
Figure 12.32 A solvent recovery process.
Figure 12.33 Stream count for the solvent recovery process.
Figure 12.34 A process involving a reaction, separation, and recycle system....
Figure 12.35 Degrees of freedom for the process reactor
Figure 12.36 An alternative representation for the degrees of freedom for th...
Figure 12.37 Degrees of freedom for the vacuum distillation with a thermosyp...
Figure 12.38 The nodes can be combined to give the overall process control d...
Figure 12.39 Control degrees of freedom for absorption systems.
Figure 12.40 Distillation with an internal reboiler and external partial con...
Chapter 13
Figure 13.1 Centrifugal pump flowrate control.
Figure 13.2 Centrifugal pump flowrate control.
Figure 13.3 Constant speed positive displacement pump flowrate control.
Figure 13.4 Centrifugal compressor surge.
Figure 13.5 Centrifugal compressor throttling at constant compressor speed....
Figure 13.6 The effect of changing inlet pressure on centrifugal compressor ...
Figure 13.7 Fixed speed centrifugal compressor recycle (spill‐back) control....
Figure 13.8 Fixed speed centrifugal compressor using suction throttling with...
Figure 13.9 Variable speed centrifugal compressor operating map.
Figure 13.10 Centrifugal compressor with speed control of the flowrate.
Figure 13.11 Pressure control of variable speed centrifugal compressor with ...
Figure 13.12 Reciprocating compressor with recycle (spill‐back) control.
Figure 13.13 Steam heater control arrangement with steam trap.
Figure 13.14 Steam heater control using cascade control.
Figure 13.15 Steam heater control arrangement with condensate pot.
Figure 13.16 Steam heater control arrangement with condensate control valve....
Figure 13.17 Cooling water cooler control.
Figure 13.18 Air cooler control.
Figure 13.19 Process to process heat exchanger control with both stream inle...
Figure 13.20 Ratio control of a process fired heater.
Figure 13.21 Ratio control of a process fired heater with high and low selec...
Figure 13.22 Fired process heater with oxygen trim control.
Figure 13.23 Fired process heater with oxygen trim control and high and low ...
Figure 13.24 Adiabatic flash drum separator control.
Figure 13.25 Non‐adiabatic flash drum separator control.
Figure 13.26 Alternative control scheme for a non‐adiabatic flash drum.
Figure 13.27 An absorber with gas and solvent feeds.
Figure 13.28 An absorber control system.
Figure 13.29 An absorber control system with composition control of the gas ...
Figure 13.30 A stripper control system.
Figure 13.31 A simple distillation.
Figure 13.32 Distillation column pressure control using total condenser cool...
Figure 13.33 Distillation column pressure control using a flooded condenser....
Figure 13.34 Distillation column pressure control using condenser hot vapor ...
Figure 13.35 Distillation column pressure control with partial condenser.
Figure 13.36 Distillation column pressure control using the flow of non‐cond...
Figure 13.37 Distillation column pressure control for a vacuum column using ...
Figure 13.38 Distillate inventory control using the distillate flowrate.
Figure 13.39 Distillate inventory control using the reflux flowrate.
Figure 13.40 Distillation column control by indirect control of the distilla...
Figure 13.41 Distillation column control by direct control of the distillate...
Figure 13.42 Distillation column control by direct control of the distillate...
Figure 13.43 Distillation column control by indirect control of the bottoms ...
Figure 13.44 Distillation column control by direct control of the bottoms us...
Figure 13.45 Distillation column control by indirect control of the bottoms ...
Figure 13.46 Distillation column control by indirect control of the distilla...
Figure 13.47 Distillation column control by indirect control of the distilla...
Figure 13.48 Distillation column control by direct control of the distillate...
Figure 13.49 Distillation column control by indirect control of the bottoms ...
Figure 13.50 Distillation column control by direct control of the bottoms us...
Figure 13.51 Distillation column control by indirect control of the bottoms ...
Figure 13.52 Optimum location of the distillation temperature sensor.
Figure 13.53 Distillation column control by indirect control of the distilla...
Figure 13.54 Distillation column control by indirect control of the bottoms ...
Figure 13.55 Cooling/heating for a continuous stirred tank reactor.
Figure 13.56 Variation of reactor conversion with temperature for a single i...
Figure 13.57 Multiple steady states for a single exothermic irreversible rea...
Figure 13.58 Variation of reactor conversion with temperature for a single e...
Figure 13.59 Multiple steady states for s single exothermic reversible react...
Figure 13.60 Control of a continuous stirred tank reactor with a cooling jac...
Figure 13.61 Cascade control of a continuous stirred tank reactor with a coo...
Figure 13.62 Cascade control of a continuous stirred tank reactor with a coo...
Figure 13.63 Cooling of the reactor through vaporization and refluxing of th...
Figure 13.64 Cooling of the reactor through vaporization and refluxing of th...
Figure 13.65 Control of an adiabatic gas‐phase catalytic reactor.
Figure 13.66 Control of a catalytic gaseous reactor with intermediate extern...
Figure 13.67 Control of a catalytic gaseous reactor with cold shot cooling....
Figure 13.68 Control of a catalytic tubular reactor for an exothermic gaseou...
Figure 13.69 Control system for a constant speed positive displacement pump....
Figure 13.70 Flash drum with a heating coil.
Chapter 14
Figure 14.1 A simple process with reaction, separation, and recycle.
Figure 14.2 An overall control system for the simple process.
Figure 14.3 Placing a flowrate controller on the reactor effluent in the rec...
Figure 14.4 Controlling the combined flowrate to the reactor within the recy...
Figure 14.5 Change of the distillation column control features a flowrate co...
Figure 14.6 Process flow diagram for a solvent recovery process.
Figure 14.7 Absorber control using ratio control from the air flowrate.
Figure 14.8 Control of the storage tank inventory.
Figure 14.9 Distillation control uses direct control of the overhead.
Figure 14.10 Cooler control of the distillation bottoms for recycle.
Figure 14.11 The process flow diagram for reaction of two feeds.
Figure 14.12 Control of the reactor overall material balance for a fixed flo...
Figure 14.13 Control of the cooler.
Figure 14.14 Control of the vacuum distillation for fixed feed flowrate.
Figure 14.15 An initial control system for the whole process has a number of...
Figure 14.16 Control system for a fixed process feed flowrate.
Figure 14.17 Control of the vacuum distillation for fixed product flowrate....
Figure 14.18 Control of the reactor overall material balance for a fixed pro...
Figure 14.19 Control system with a fixed product flowrate.
Figure 14.20 An alternative control system that does not allow the feed or p...
Figure 14.21 A reactor and separation system for Exercise 1.
Figure 14.22 A reactor and separation system for Exercise 2.
Figure 14.23 Process environmental protection system for Exercise 3.
Figure 14.24 Process environmental protection system with water recycles for...
Chapter 15
Figure 15.1 Alternative symbols for centrifugal pumps.
Figure 15.2 Symbols for different piping options.
Figure 15.3 Examples of different valve types.
Figure 15.4 Operation of an L‐type three‐way valve.
Figure 15.5 Examples of valve locking arrangements.
Figure 15.6 Pipe fittings used for positive isolation of equipment.
Figure 15.7 Examples of valve and isolation device symbols.
Figure 15.8 Positive and proved isolation of equipment.
Figure 15.9 Piping arrangements for control valves.
Figure 15.10 Variation of maximum allowable stress of carbon steel sheet wit...
Figure 15.11 Pressure relief devices.
Figure 15.12 Symbols for pressure relief devices.
Figure 15.13 Examples of different arrangements for a single pressure relief...
Figure 15.14 Examples of different arrangements for two pressure relief valv...
Figure 15.15 Combinations of relief valves and bursting discs.
Figure 15.16 Relief pressures.
Figure 15.17 Typical arrangement for an elevated steam‐assisted flare.
Figure 15.18 Example of a relief system for a process vessel.
Figure 15.19 Arrangement of two relief valves in parallel.
Figure 15.20 A vertical thermosyphon reboiler.
Figure 15.21 A batch polymerization process.
Chapter 16
Figure 16.1 Common P&ID symbols for pumps.
Figure 16.2 Layout arrangements for centrifugal pumps.
Figure 16.3 Example of a typical P&ID arrangement for centrifugal pumps.
Figure 16.4 A relief valve might be required for the centrifugal pumps disch...
Figure 16.5 A centrifugal pump with flowrate control.
Figure 16.6 A centrifugal pump with an inlet strainer.
Figure 16.7 Pumps can require strainers to remove solids that might damage t...
Figure 16.8 An example of a preliminary P&ID for a centrifugal pump arrangem...
Figure 16.9 Recycle flowrate control maintains a minimum flowrate through th...
Figure 16.10 A continuous recycle using a restriction orifice maintains a mi...
Figure 16.11 An example of a preliminary P&ID arrangement for positive displ...
Figure 16.12 Common P&ID symbols for compressors.
Figure 16.13 Example of a preliminary P&ID for a centrifugal compressor.
Figure 16.14 Example of a preliminary P&ID for a centrifugal compressor with...
Figure 16.15 Example of a preliminary P&ID for a reciprocating compressor.
Figure 16.16 Example of a preliminary P&ID for a reciprocating compressor wi...
Figure 16.17 Common P&ID symbols for heat exchangers.
Figure 16.18 Example of a preliminary P&ID for a two‐pass shell‐and‐tube hea...
Figure 16.19 Example of a preliminary P&ID for a two‐pass shell‐and‐tube hea...
Figure 16.20 Example P&ID for a heater steam trap.
Figure 16.21 Large steam flows can require a condensate drum for a steam hea...
Figure 16.22 A distillation column fitted with trays.
Figure 16.23 Multi‐pass tray layouts.
Figure 16.24 A packed distillation column.
Figure 16.25 Representation of distillation columns.
Figure 16.26 Example of a preliminary P&ID for a distillation column overhea...
Figure 16.27 Example of a preliminary P&ID for a distillation column bottoms...
Figure 16.28 Different designs of cylindrical flat bottom storage tanks.
Figure 16.29 Emptying and filling storage tanks causes them to “breathe” to ...
Figure 16.30 Pressure-vacuum relief and flame arrestor for storage tanks.
Figure 16.31 Symbols for vacuum‐pressure relief devices.
Figure 16.32 An example of an atmospheric liquid storage tank fitted with a ...
Figure 16.33 Storage tanks can be protected from overfilling by an overflow ...
Figure 16.34 An emergency shut‐down valve can be used to prevent overfilling...
Figure 16.35 Separate vacuum and pressure relief valves might be required in...
Figure 16.36 Control of a storage tank nitrogen blanket using slit range con...
Figure 16.37 An inert gas purge is required for storage of more hazardous li...
Figure 16.38 A floating roof can be used to prevent vapor losses.
Figure 16.39 A floating roof can be used in conjunction with an inert gas pu...
Figure 16.40 Liquefied gases can be stored in different ways.
Figure 16.41 Valves required for a centrifugal pump.
Figure 16.42 A steam heater for a reactor feed.
Figure 16.43 A non‐adiabatic vapor–liquid separator with a steam coil.
Chapter 17
Figure 17.1 A process flow diagram.
Figure 17.2 A legend of the P&ID symbols to be used.
Figure 17.3 Add any missing steps and equipment from the PFD from raw materi...
Figure 17.4 Divide the resulting comprehensive flow diagram into nodes.
Figure 17.5 Create a conceptual instrumentation and control system for raw m...
Figure 17.6 Create a conceptual instrumentation and control system for the r...
Figure 17.7 Create a conceptual instrumentation and control system for the r...
Figure 17.8 Create a conceptual instrumentation and control system for the p...
Figure 17.9 For the raw materials storage add additional details for control...
Figure 17.10 For the reactor add additional details for control and operatio...
Figure 17.11 For the cooler add additional details for control and operation...
Figure 17.12 For the product storage add additional details for control and ...
Figure 17.13 Combine the cooler and product storage nodes.
Figure 17.14 Add the relief and blowdown system to the raw materials storage...
Figure 17.15 Add the relief and blowdown system to the reactor.
Figure 17.16 Add the relief and blowdown system to the cooler and product st...
Figure 17.17 Preliminary P&ID legend.
Figure 17.18 Preliminary P&ID for raw material storage.
Figure 17.19 Preliminary P&ID for the reactor.
Figure 17.20 Preliminary P&ID for product cooling and storage.
Chapter 18
Figure 18.1 Normal stresses.
Figure 18.2 Normal strain is measured by the change in length.
Figure 18.3 Typical stress–strain curve for low carbon steel.
Figure 18.4 Stress–strain curves vary significantly according to the materia...
Figure 18.5 A uniaxial tensile or compressive force creates both axial and l...
Chapter 19
Figure 19.1 Mechanical forces that induce deformation.
Figure 19.2 Parallel forces not in line create shear stress.
Figure 19.3 A shear stress sets up a complementary shear stress to resist ro...
Figure 19.4 Shear stress is measured by the angle of deformation.
Figure 19.5 Shearing force acting on a bolt.
Figure 19.6 A beam supported by three bolts subject to shear.
Figure 19.7 Torsional stress acting on a solid circular cylinder.
Figure 19.8 Concentrated load acting on a beam with simple supports.
Figure 19.9 Sign convention for shear force and bending moment diagrams.
Figure 19.10 Shear force and bending moment diagram for a beam with a concen...
Figure 19.11 Distributed load on a beam with simple supports.
Figure 19.12 Shear force and bending moment diagram for a beam with a distri...
Figure 19.13 Combined point and distributed loads.
Figure 19.14 Shear force and bending moment diagram for a beam with combined...
Figure 19.15 Relationship between shearing force and bending moment.
Figure 19.16 Pure bending with no shearing force for a beam acted on by a co...
Figure 19.17 The parallel axis theorem.
Figure 19.18 Moment of inertia and bending stress for common cross‐sections....
Figure 19.19 An I‐section beam.
Figure 19.20 Bending moment diagram for Example 19.4.
Figure 19.21 Shear stress acting on a beam.
Figure 19.22 A shearing force acting on a beam creates complementary shear s...
Figure 19.23 A section of a beam subject to a transverse load.
Figure 19.24 First moment of area and shear stress for common cross‐sections...
Figure 19.25 A tall cylindrical vessel, such as a distillation or absorption...
Figure 19.26 Horizontal cylindrical vessels are subject to bending stresses ...
Figure 19.27 A beam supported at two asymmetric intermediate points.
Figure 19.28 A beam supported at two symmetric intermediate points.
Figure 19.29 Buckling of an object depends on how the ends are anchored.
Figure 19.30 Cross‐section of a structural member for Example 19.8.
Figure 19.31 Sign convention for stresses.
Figure 19.32 Example of a sign convention for shear stresses. (a) Positive s...
Figure 19.33 Stresses on an inclined plane.
Figure 19.34 Thin wall pressure vessel.
Figure 19.35 Stress for a spherical vessel under internal pressure.
Figure 19.36 Circumferential (hoop) stress for a cylindrical vessel under in...
Figure 19.37 Longitudinal stress for a cylindrical vessel under internal pre...
Figure 19.38 Stresses on the vessel for Example 19.9.
Figure 19.39 Heads for cylindrical pressure vessels.
Figure 19.40 Vertical cylindrical vessels can be supported by a structure or...
Figure 19.41 Shear force diagram for horizontal cylindrical vessels with sad...
Figure 19.42 Bending moments on horizontal cylindrical vessels.
Figure 19.43 Circumferential bending moments above the saddles cause the upp...
Figure 19.44 Stresses on the vessel at the saddle can be decreased by weldin...
Figure 19.45 Two examples of how stiffening rings can be fitted internally t...
Figure 19.46 Example of how external stiffening rings can be attached to the...
Figure 19.47 Catastrophic collapse of a vessel from external pressure.
Figure 19.48 Different profiles of stiffening rings can be used to strengthe...
Figure 19.49 Types of weld.
Figure 19.50 Types of butt weld.
Figure 19.51 Cylindrical vessels are fabricated from plates rolled and welde...
Figure 19.52 Examples of bolted flange arrangements.
Figure 19.53 Cylindrical vessel with a bolted lid.
Figure 19.54 Bolted inspection and maintenance hatchway.
Figure 19.55 Example of a bolted flange pipe joint.
Figure 19.56 Examples of different pipe flanges.
Figure 19.57 Openings in pressure vessels require compensation for the weakn...
Figure 19.58 Typical skirt designs.
Figure 19.59 Typical features of a support skirt for a vertical cylindrical ...
Figure 19.60 Examples of different designs of bearing plates.
Figure 19.61 Some typical arrangements for anchor bolts for self‐supporting ...
Figure 19.62 Anchor bolt loading distribution.
Figure 19.63 Distribution of the load on the anchor bolts.
Figure 19.64 Flared column skirt in the form of a conical frustum.
Figure 19.65 Cylindrical vessel supports using legs and structures.
Figure 19.66 Saddle support for a horizontal cylindrical vessel.
Figure 19.67 Different constructions of the sides for flat‐bottomed cylindri...
Figure 19.68 Example of a shell‐and‐tube heat exchanger arrangement.
Figure 19.69 A horizontally mounted shell‐and‐tube heat exchanger supported ...
Figure 19.70 Shell‐and‐tube heat exchanger tubesheet.
Figure 19.71 A hollow rectangular cross‐section beam.
Figure 19.72 A joint between flat plates using three bolts.
Chapter 20
Figure 20.1 Overpressure from vapor cloud explosions.
Figure 20.2 Contour of constant overpressures from a number of releases.
Figure 20.3 Pipe racks are required to connect the various operations on the...
Figure 20.4 Site access, raw material delivery, and product dispatch.
Figure 20.5 Liquid storage tanks are normally located in tank farms out‐of‐d...
Figure 20.6 Location of effluent treatment and drainage is directed by the s...
Figure 20.7 Liquid effluent management with open drains and closed drains to...
Figure 20.8 Example of a closed liquid drain flowing under gravity.
Figure 20.9 Adding process utilities.
Figure 20.10 Adding process plots.
Figure 20.11 Location of the control room requires a safe distance from the ...
Figure 20.12 Adding the ancillary buildings.
Figure 20.13 Pipe racks are required to route process and utility pipes, cab...
Figure 20.14 Different levels of the pipe racks carry different services.
Figure 20.15 Pipe racks are required to connect the various operations on th...
Chapter 21
Figure 21.1 Stand‐alone distillation column with a support structure for anc...
Figure 21.2 A vacuum condenser with a barometric leg requires a structure.
Figure 21.3 Distillation columns can be supported by a structure or be self‐...
Figure 21.4 Heat exchangers are normally mounted on legs supported by concre...
Figure 21.5 Horizontal heat exchangers are normally oriented perpendicular t...
Figure 21.6 Heat exchangers mounted in a structure.
Figure 21.7 Process flow diagram for a phthalic anhydride process.
Figure 21.8 Comprehensive process flow diagram for a phthalic anhydride proc...
Figure 21.9 Comprehensive process flow diagram for a phthalic anhydride proc...
Figure 21.10 A possible layout of plots for the phthalic anhydride process w...
Figure 21.11 A possible layout of plots for the phthalic anhydride process w...
Appendix E
Figure E.1 Second moment of area (moment of inertia) for a rectangular cross...
Figure E.2 Cross‐section of a hollow rectangular beam separated into positiv...
Figure E.3 Second moment of area (moment of inertia) for a circular cross‐se...
Figure E.4 Cross‐section of a hollow circular beam separated into positive a...
Appendix F
Figure F.1 Cross‐section of a rectangular beam subject to a transverse load....
Figure F.2 Cross‐section of a hollow rectangular beam subject to a transvers...
Figure F.3 Cross‐section of a solid circular beam subject to a transverse lo...
Figure F.4 Cross‐section of a hollow circular beam subject to a transverse l...
Appendix G
Figure G.1 Stresses on an inclined plane.
Figure G.2 Evaluation of cos 2
θ
P
and sin 2
θ
P
from tan 2
θ
P
.
Figure G.3 Evaluation of cos 2
θ
S
and sin 2
θ
S
from tan 2
θ
S
.
Appendix I
Figure I.1 Bending moments on horizontal cylindrical vessels.
Figure I.2 Variation of hydraulic pressure in a cylindrical vessel.
Figure I.3 Thickness of an incremental layer of fluid.
Appendix J
Figure J.1 Surface area of a conical frustum section.
Guide
Cover Page
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
Preface
Acknowledgments
Nomenclature
About the Companion Website
Begin Reading
Appendix A Weibull Reliability Function
Appendix B MTTF for the Weibull Distribution
Appendix C Reliability of Cold Standby Systems
Appendix D Corrosion Resistance Table
Appendix E Moment of Inertia and Bending Stress for Common Beam Cross‐Sections
Appendix F First Moment of Area and Shear Stress for Common Beam Cross‐Sections
Appendix G Principal Stresses
Appendix H Dimensions and Weights of Carbon Steel Pipes
Appendix I Bending Moment on Horizontal Cylindrical Vessels Resulting from a Liquid Hydraulic Head
Appendix J Equivalent Cylinder Approximation
Index
WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
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Process Plant Design
Robin Smith
Centre for Process Integration, Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Manchester, UK
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