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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
- Serie: Introducing Linguistics
- Sprache: Englisch
The latest edition of the bestselling introduction to the field of linguistic semantics, updated throughout and featuring a wholly new chapter on inferential pragmatics
Semantics, Fifth Edition, is a comprehensive and well-balanced introduction to the study of the communication of meaning in language. Assuming no previous background in semantics and limited familiarity with formal linguistics, this student-friendly textbook describes the concepts, theory, and study of semantics in an accessible and clear style. Concise chapters describe the role of semantics within contemporary linguistics, cover key topics in the analysis of word and sentence meaning, and review major semantic theories such as componential theory, formal semantics, and cognitive semantics.
The updated fifth edition incorporates recent theoretical developments and important research in linguistic semantics, featuring an entirely new chapter examining the overlap between inferential pragmatics and Relevance Theory, truth-conditional meaning, and other traditional areas of semantics. Revised and expanded sections discuss the continuing growth and consolidation of cognitive semantics, various contextual features of language, conceptualization and categorization, and construal and perspective. This edition includes new exercises with solutions, up-to-date references to relevant literature, and additional examples with data from a wide range of different languages.
- Covers basic concepts and methods as well as key theoretical models, current lines of research, and important writers
- Explains general concepts in semantics before gradually moving to more advanced topics in semantic description and theoretical approaches
- Highlights the relation between cross-linguistic variation and language universals
- Provides students with the background necessary to understand more advanced and specialized primary semantics literature
- Includes a glossary of technical terms and numerous exercises arranged by level of difficulty
- Highlights the relationship between semantics and cross-linguistic variation, language universals, and pragmatics
With detailed examples from a wide range of contexts and a wealth of practical exercises, Semantics, Fifth Edition, remains the perfect textbook for undergraduate students of linguistics, English language, applied linguistics, modern languages, and computer sciences.
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Table of Contents
Cover
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
List of Figures
Preface
Abbreviations and Symbols
part I: Preliminaries
chapter 1: Semantics in Linguistics
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Semantics and Semiotics
1.3 Three Challenges in Doing Semantics
1.4 Meeting the Challenges
1.5 Semantics in a Model of Grammar
1.6 Some Important Assumptions
1.7 Summary
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
chapter 2: Meaning, Thought, and Reality
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Reference
2.3 Reference as a Theory of Meaning
2.4 Mental Representations
2.5 Words, Concepts, and Thinking
2.6 Summary
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
part II: Semantic Description
chapter 3: Word Meaning
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Words and Grammatical Categories
3.3 Words and Lexical Items
3.4 Problems with Pinning Down Word Meaning
3.5 Lexical Relations
3.6 Derivational Relations
3.7 Lexical Typology
3.8 Lexical change
3.9 Summary
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
chapter 4: Sentence Relations and Truth
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Logic and Truth
4.3 Necessary Truth,
A Priori
Truth, and Analyticity
4.4 Entailment
4.5 Presupposition
4.6 Summary
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
chapter 5: Sentence Semantics 1
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Situation Types
5.3 Tense
5.4 Aspect
5.5 Modality and Mood
5.6 Evidentiality
5.7 Negation
5.8 Summary
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
chapter 6: Sentence Semantics 2
6.1 Introduction: Classifying Participants
6.2 Thematic Roles
6.3 Grammatical Relations and Thematic Roles
6.4 Verbs and Thematic Role Grids
6.5 Problems with Thematic Roles
6.6 The Motivation for Identifying Thematic Roles
6.7 Causation
6.8 Voice
6.9 Classifiers and Noun Classes
6.10 Summary
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
chapter 7: Meaning and Context
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Deixis
7.3 Reference and Context
7.4 Knowledge as Context
7.5 Information Structure
7.6 Inference
7.7 Speech act semantics
7.8 Summary
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
part III: Theoretical Approaches
chapter 8: Meaning Components
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Lexical Relations in CA
8.3 Katz’s Semantic Theory
8.4 Grammatical Rules and Semantic Components
8.5 Talmy’s Typology of Motion Events
8.6 Jackendoff’s Conceptual Structure
8.7 Pustejovsky’s Generative Lexicon
8.8 Problems with Components of Meaning
8.9 Summary
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
chapter 9: Formal Semantics
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Model‐Theoretical Semantics
9.3 Translating English into a Logical Metalanguage
9.4 The Semantics of the Logical Metalanguage
9.5 Checking the Truth‐Value of Sentences
9.6 Word Meaning: Meaning Postulates
9.7 Natural Language Quantifiers and Higher‐Order Logic
9.8 Intensionality
9.9 Dynamic Approaches to Discourse
9.10 Summary
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
chapter 10: Cognitive Semantics
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Categorization
10.3 Polysemy
10.4 Metaphor
10.5 Metonymy
10.6 Mental Spaces
10.7 Langacker’s Cognitive Grammar
10.8 Construction Grammar
10.9 Summary
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
chapter 11: Inferential Pragmatics
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Propositions
11.3 Beyond Propositions: Grice’s Conversational Implicature
11.4 Generalizing the Gricean Maxims
2
11.5 Contextualism
11.6 Relevance Theory
11.7 Lexical Pragmatics
11.8 Summary
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
Solutions to Exercises
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 7
CHAPTER 8
CHAPTER 9
CHAPTER 10
CHAPTER 11
Glossary
REFERENCES
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Components of grammar
Figure 1.2 Reference and sense in the vocabulary
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 Simple tenses
Figure 5.2 Complex past tense
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 Projection rules
Figure 8.2 Conceptual structure of example 8.86 as a tree structure
Figure 8.3 Conceptual structure of example 8.87 as a tree structure
Figure 8.4 Conceptual structure of example 8.89 as a tree structure
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 Instants in the flow of time
Figure 9.2 Intervals of time
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 Containment
Figure 10.2 Path schema
Figure 10.3 Compulsion
Figure 10.4 Blockage
Figure 10.5 Removal of restraint
Figure 10.6 Prototypical
above‐across
sense of
over
Figure 10.7 Sam walked over the hill
Figure 10.8 The
above
sense of
over
Figure 10.9 The
covering
sense of
over
Figure 10.10 Reflexive sense of
over
Figure 10.11 Person–image connector
Figure 10.12 World–mind connector
Figure 10.13 Image–person connector
Figure 10.14 First interpretation of
In the film, Michelle is a witch
Figure 10.15 Second interpretation of
In the film, Michelle is a witch
Figure 10.16 Transparent reading of example 10.49
Figure 10.17 Opaque reading of example 10.49
Figure 10.18 Conceptual integration network
Figure 10.19 Prototypical event schema
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1 Grice’s Meaning
nn
. Adapted from Sadock 1978 and Levinson 2000
Figure 11.2 Autohyponymy
Guide
Cover Page
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
List of Figures
Preface
Abbreviations and Symbols
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
Solutions to Exercises
Glossary
Index
Wiley End User License Agreement
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Introducing Linguistics
This outstanding series is an indispensable resource for students and teachers – a concise and engaging introduction to the central subjects of contemporary linguistics. Presupposing no prior knowledge on the part of the reader, each volume sets out the fundamental skills and knowledge of the field, and so provides the ideal educational platform for further study in linguistics.
1 Andrew Spencer
Phonology: Theory and Description
2 Anne E. Baker and Kees Hengeveld
Linguistics
3 Li Wei, editor
Applied Linguistics
4 Barbara Johnstone
Discourse Analysis
, Third Edition
5 Andrew Carnie
Syntax: A Generative Introduction
, Fourth Edition
6 Andrew Carnie
The Syntax Workbook: A Companion to Carnie's Syntax
, Second Edition
7 John I. Saeed
Semantics
, Fifth Edition
Semantics
Fifth Edition
John I. Saeed
This fifth edition first published 2023© 2023 John I. Saeed
Edition HistoryBlackwell Publishers, Ltd (1e, 1997); Blackwell Publishing Ltd (2e, 2003; 3e, 2009); John Wiley & Sons Ltd (4e, 2016)
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
The right of John I. Saeed to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with law.
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication DataNames: Saeed, John I., author.Title: Semantics / John I Saeed.Description: Fifth edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Wiley‐Blackwell, 2023. | Series: Introducing linguistics | Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2022043325 (print) | LCCN 2022043326 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119709855 (paperback) | ISBN 9781119709862 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119709886 (epub)Subjects: LCSH: Semantics.Classification: LCC P325 .S2 2023 (print) | LCC P325 (ebook) | DDC 401/.43–dc23LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022043325LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022043326
Cover Design: WileyCover Image: Color Study Squares with Concentric Circles by Wassily Kandinsky, c. 1913, Wikimedia Commons. Public Domain.
List of Figures
1.1
Components of grammar
1.2
Reference and sense in the vocabulary
5.1
Simple tenses
5.2
Complex past tense
8.1
Projection rules
8.2
Conceptual structure of example 8.86 as a tree structure
8.3
Conceptual structure of example 8.87 as a tree structure
8.4
Conceptual structure of example 8.89 as a tree structure
9.1
Instants in the flow of time
9.2
Intervals of time
10.1
Containment
10.2
Path schema
10.3
Compulsion
10.4
Blockage
10.5
Removal of restraint
10.6
Prototypical
above‐across
sense of
over
10.7
Sam walked over the hill
10.8
The
above
sense of
over
10.9
The
covering
sense of
over
10.10
Reflexive sense of
over
10.11
Person–image connector
10.12
World–mind connector
10.13
Image–person connector
10.14
First interpretation of
In the film, Michelle is a witch
10.15
Second interpretation of
In the film, Michelle is a witch408
10.16
Transparent reading of example 10.49
10.17
Opaque reading of example 10.49
10.18
Conceptual integration network
10.19
Prototypical event schema
11.1
Grice’s Meaning
nn
. Adapted from Sadock 1978 and Levinson 2000
11.2
Autohyponymy
12.1
The camera is on the table
Preface
This is an introduction to semantics for readers new to the subject. The aim of the book is not to propose a new theory of semantics, nor to promote any single current approach, but to give the reader access to some of the central ideas in the field and an introduction to some of its most important writers. Semantics, however, is a very broad and diverse field and keeping the book to a manageable size has involved a fairly firm selection of topics. Inevitably this selection will not please everyone but I hope readers will be able to gain a feel for what doing semantics is like, and gain the background to proceed to more advanced and specialized material in the primary literature.
The book assumes no knowledge of semantics but does assume a general idea of what linguistics is, and some familiarity with its traditional division into fields like phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, and so on. Thus it would be useful if the reader had already looked at a general introduction to linguistics.
The book is organized into eleven chapters, which are grouped into three main sections. Part I, Preliminaries, consists of the first two chapters and is concerned with the place of semantics within linguistics and its relations with the disciplines of philosophy and psychology, which share some of the same interests. Part II, Semantic Description, introduces central topics in the analysis of word and sentence meaning. Part III, Theoretical Approaches, reviews three important semantic theories: componential theory, formal semantics and cognitive semantics, before going on to discuss important recent work in inferential pragmatics and how this impacts on our views of the limits of semantics.
Each chapter includes a set of exercises to allow the reader to explore the issues raised, and suggestions for further reading. These will be a small selection of works which provide accessible investigations of the chapter’s topics. In the text there are a large number of references to the semantics literature. These will frequently be works which are too specialized to attempt before the reader completes this book but are given so that any particular interests may be followed up.
Examples from different languages are given in the transcription of the original source, and are commented on only when it is germane to the discussion. A list of symbols and abbreviations used in this text is given in the Abbreviations and Symbols list on pp. xvii–xviii. The book ends with a glossary of technical terminology.
I have used this book as a text in my courses in the Centre for Language and Communication Studies, Trinity College Dublin. I would like to thank my students for their responses and comments, which have been invaluable in getting the text into its present form. I am indebted to Philip Jaggar, Mark Keane, James Levine, and Feargal Murphy, who read the entire manuscript and made many suggestions, which improved the book and saved me from my worst mistakes. I am also grateful to those who have commented on particular sections, discussed specific language data, and provided me with source materials, in particular Abdullahi Dirir Hersi, Barbara Abbott, Giorgio Banti, Martin Emms, Tim Fernando, Jim Jackson, Jeffrey Kallen, Ruth Kempson, Cathal O Háinle, Conor Pyle, Sarah Smyth, Tadaharu Tanomura, Ib Ulbaek, Tony Veale, Carl Vogel, and Sheila Watts. None of the above is of course responsible for how the book turned out in the end; that is entirely my responsibility. The first draft of the book was written while I was enjoying the academic hospitality of the Department of African Languages and Cultures of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. I would like to thank the members of that department, in particular Dick Hayward and Philip Jaggar, for making my time there so enjoyable and profitable. That visit was supported by the Trinity College Dublin Arts and Social Sciences Benefactions Fund. Later revisions were made while I was a visiting fellow at La Trobe University’s Research Centre for Linguistic Typology and I would like to thank Bob Dixon and Sasha Aikhenvald and their colleagues for their generosity, hospitality, and for providing such a stimulating environment.
This fifth edition has been revised and updated and includes a new chapter on inferential pragmatics. I would once again like to thank my students and the readers and users of the book, together with reviewers, who have kindly given me their comments and suggestions. I would like to thank the editorial team at Wiley Blackwell for their enthusiasm and professionalism. Finally I would like to thank Joan, Alexander, and Isabel for their love and support.
J. I. S.
Abbreviations and Symbols
ACC
accusative case
ADJ
adjective
ADV
adverb
AG
agent
AP
adjectival phrase
ART
article
CAUSE
causative
CL or CLASS
classifier
DECL
declarative
DET
determiner
ERG
ergative
f
feminine gender
FOC
focus
FUT
future tense
GEN
genitive case
IMP
imperative
IMPERF
imperfective aspect
IMPERS
impersonal
INDIC
indicative mood
IN or INSTR
instrument
LO or LOC
location
m
masculine gender
N
noun
NOMIN
nominative case
NP
noun phrase
P
preposition
PA or PAT
patient
PAST
past tense
PERF
perfective aspect
pl
plural
PP
prepositional phrase
PRES
present tense
Q
interrogative
RE
recipient
S
sentence
sg
singular
SO
source
SUBJUN
subjunctive
TH
theme
V
verb
VP
verb phrase
1
first person
2
second person
3
third person
*
ungrammatical
?
semantically odd
#
pragmatically odd
[ ]
boundaries of a syntactic constituent
[NP]
method of labeling a syntactic constituent, here an NP
Logical symbols:
¬
not (negation)
∧
and (conjunction)
∨
or (disjunction)
→
if … then (material implication)
v
exclusive or (exclusive disjunction, XOR)
≡
if and only if, truth‐value equivalence
∃
existential quantifier
∀
universal quantifier
Less commonly known language names are introduced with the name of the large language family (phylum) they belong to and an indication of where the language is spoken, for example: Tiv (Niger‐Congo; Nigeria).
