Solar Energy E-Book

Andy Walker

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Serie: RSMeans
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 910

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

Solar Energy is an authoritative reference on the design of solar energy systems in building projects, with applications, operating principles, and simple tools for the construction, engineering, and design professional. The book simplifies the solar design and engineering process, providing sample documentation and special tools that provide all the information needed for the complete design of a solar energy system for buildings to enable mainstream MEP and design firms, and not just solar energy specialists, to meet the growing demand for solar energy systems in building projects.

Leseprobe

Contents

Dedication

Title Page

Copyright Page

Foreword

BIOGRAPHY OF FRANK KREITH

Preface

Acknowledgments

1 Delivering Solar Energy Projects

HISTORY AND CURRENT USE OF SOLAR ENERGY

ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR ENERGY

SOLAR ENERGY PROJECT DELIVERY PROCESS

INTEGRATION OF SOLAR ENERGY INTO THE EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE

2 The Solar Energy Resource

STRUCTURE OF THE SUN

NUCLEAR FUSION: THE SOURCE OF THE SUN’S POWER

THE SPECTRAL NATURE OF SOLAR RADIATION

POSITION OF THE SUN IN THE SKY

DIRECT BEAM, DIFFUSE, AND GLOBAL SOLAR INSOLATION IN THE PLANE OF A SOLAR COLLECTOR SURFACE

INCIDENT ANGLE OF DIRECT BEAM SUN ON A SURFACE

THE EFFECT OF SHADE

SOLAR RESOURCE MEASUREMENT

SOLAR RESOURCE MAPS AND DATA

TYPICAL METEOROLOGICAL YEAR (TMY) WEATHER DATA

FORECASTING THE SOLAR RESOURCE HOURS OR DAYS INTO THE FUTURE

DIAGNOSIS OF SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM PERFORMANCE USING SOLAR RESOURCE DATA

COMPUTER TOOLS FOR ANALYSIS OF SOLAR POSITION AND SOLAR RESOURCES

STANDARDS RELATED TO SOLAR RESOURCE ASSESSMENT

REFERENCES

3 Photovoltaics (PV, Solar Electricity)

PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS AND MODULES

VOLTAGE AND CURRENT CHARACTERISTICS OF PV DEVICES (THE i-v CURVE)

OPEN-CIRCUIT VOLTAGE AND OPERATING VOLTAGE OF A PV CELL

DEPENDENCE OF VOLTAGE AND CURRENT ON TEMPERATURE

DIFFERENT TYPES OF PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES

STANDARD RATINGS AND PERFORMANCE INDICATORS FOR PV MODULES

ENERGY BALANCE FOR A PV MODULE, NOMINAL OPERATING CELL TEMPERATURE (NOCT)

POWER OUTPUT OF A PV MODULE

PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM SCHEMATIC DESIGN

PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS

ESTIMATING THE COST OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM

ESTIMATING ELECTRIC USE AND SOLAR FRACTION

RECOMMENDED APPLICATIONS

SIMPLE HAND CALCULATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM SIZE AND ENERGY DELIVERY

ESTIMATING THE ENERGY COST SAVINGS OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC (SOLAR ELECTRIC) SYSTEM

COMPUTER TOOLS FOR ANALYSIS OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS

CODES AND STANDARDS FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES AND SYSTEMS

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS

CASE STUDIES OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM INSTALLATIONS

REFERENCES

4 Solar Water Heating

DIFFERENT TYPES OF WATER-HEATING SOLAR COLLECTORS

SOLAR WATER HEATING SYSTEM SCHEMATIC DESIGN

SOLAR WATER HEATING SYSTEM COMPONENTS

ESTIMATING THE COST OF A SOLAR WATER HEATING SYSTEM

ESTIMATING BUILDING HOT WATER USE AND SOLAR FRACTION

RECOMMENDED APPLICATIONS

SIMPLE HAND CALCULATION OF SOLAR WATER HEATING SYSTEM SIZE AND ENERGY DELIVERY

SYSTEM THERMODYNAMICS AND COMPUTER TOOLS FOR ANALYSIS OF SOLAR WATER HEATING SYSTEMS

CODES AND STANDARDS FOR SOLAR WATER HEATERS

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF SOLAR WATER HEATING SYSTEMS

CASE STUDIES OF SOLAR WATER HEATING SYSTEM INSTALLATIONS

5 Solar Ventilation Air Preheating

OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF THE TRANSPIRED AIR-HEATING SOLAR COLLECTOR

SOLAR VENTILATION AIR PREHEAT SYSTEM SCHEMATIC

SOLAR VENTILATION AIR PREHEAT SYSTEM COMPONENTS

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

RECOMMENDED APPLICATIONS

ESTIMATING THE COST OF A SOLAR VENTILATION AIR PREHEAT SYSTEM

SIMPLE HAND CALCULATIONS FOR SIZE AND PERFORMANCE OF A SOLAR VENTILATION AIR HEATING SYSTEM

COMPUTER TOOLS FOR ANALYSIS OF SOLAR VENTILATION PREHEAT SYSTEMS

TRNSYS

CODES AND STANDARDS RELATED TO SOLAR VENTILATION AIR PREHEATING

MAINTENANCE OF SOLAR VENTILATION AIR PREHEATING SYSTEMS

CASE STUDIES OF SOLAR VENTILATION AIR PREHEATING SYSTEM INSTALLATIONS

REFERENCES

6 Solar Space Heating and Cooling

SITE ISSUES

BUILDING HEAT LOSS

SOLAR HEAT GAIN THROUGH WINDOWS AND OPAQUE SURFACES

MATERIALS AND BUILDING COMPONENTS FOR PASSIVE SOLAR SPACE HEATING SYSTEMS

THERMAL STORAGE

HEAT DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

SOLAR SPACE HEATING (PASSIVE OR ACTIVE) SYSTEM SCHEMATIC DESIGN

ESTIMATING THE COST OF A SOLAR SPACE HEATING SYSTEM

ESTIMATING ENERGY USE AND SOLAR FRACTION

CALCULATION OF SOLAR SPACE HEATING SYSTEM SIZING AND ENERGY DELIVERY

COMPUTER TOOLS FOR ANALYSIS OF PASSIVE SOLAR SYSTEMS

CODES AND STANDARDS RELATED TO PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING SYSTEMS

CASE STUDIES OF PASSIVE SOLAR SPACE HEATING SYSTEMS

REFERENCES

7 Case Studies of Solar Buildings

CASE STUDY: RESIDENCE IN GOLDEN, COLORADO

CASE STUDY: RED ROCK CANYON VISITOR CENTER, LAS VEGAS, NEVADA

CASE STUDY: RESEARCH SUPPORT FACILITY (RSF) OFFICE BUILDING, GOLDEN, COLORADO

REFERENCES

Appendix A: Nomenclature

Appendix B: Unit Conversions

Index

This book is dedicated to practicing mechanical, electrical, and plumbing engineers.

Cover image: Avinash Gautam, courtesy of Ambient Energy Cover design: Wiley

The team of RNL, Pinkerton Construction, MKK Consulting Engineers, and energy and sustainability consultant Ambient Energy incorporated extensive photovoltaics, daylighting, and solar orientation into the 105, 000 sf Central Platte Campus for the City and County of Denver’s public works department.

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Walker, Andy (Howard Andy) Solar energy: Technologies and the project delivery process for buildings / Andy Walker, PhD PE.  pages cm  Includes index. ISBN 978-1-118-13924-0 (cloth); 978-111-8-41654-9 (ebk.); 978-111-8-41933-5 (ebk.); 1. Solar buildings–Design and construction. 2. Solar energy–Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Title. TH7413.W33 2013 690′.83704724–dc232013000331

FOREWORD

This book provides practical information for engineers and contractors involved in the design, cost estimating, and construction of solar energy systems. The material covered in the book will enable a professional engineer to design buildings that are more energy efficient. It provides the information necessary to integrate solar features, such as hot water heating, passive design, and photovoltaics, into the development of individual homes or commercial buildings.

The topics covered in the seven chapters of the book begin with an overall description of the solar design process, followed by a chapter on the solar energy resource that includes maps and equations for solar positions as a function of time, location, and orientation. Basic material is provided on the use of solar energy for producing electricity, hot water, and space heating. The last chapter contains case studies of successful solar buildings in Colorado and Nevada.

The overall level of presentation makes the material accessible to anyone with a basic engineering education. Although a background in heat transfer, fluid mechanics, and economics will be helpful, the book does cover the elements of these topics and gives references for the reader to obtain more detailed background information.

A most useful feature of the book is that it approaches the design not from an academic but from a practical engineering perspective. It includes both simple calculations and descriptions of more sophisticated computer tools to analyze solar systems, including performance and economics. Many neophytes in the design of solar systems will find these practical features and tools to estimate the performance of different systems, such as, for example, a photovoltaic electric system, most useful. The book is clearly written and amply illustrated with both schematic diagrams and photographs that will help the designer visualize the end-product in a realistic setting.

In summary, Solar Energy: Technologies and the Project Delivery Process for Buildings combines the expertise of the author’s thirty years of experience with up-to-date data on climactic resources and current computer programs useful to the practicing engineer for analysis and design of solar buildings. With climate change and energy efficiency becoming the focus of the future of buildings and energy planning, this book will be an immensely useful reference for practicing engineers to integrate solar thermal and photovoltaics into building design.

Frank Kreith

BIOGRAPHY OF FRANK KREITH

Dr. Frank Kreith has taught at the University of California, Lehigh University, and the University of Colorado, where he is now professor emeritus of engineering. From 1988 to 2001 he was the American Society of Mechanical Engineers International (ASME) Legislative Fellow for Energy and Environment at the National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL), where he provided assistance on energy, transportation, and environmental protection to legislators in all fifty states. Prior to joining NCSL in 1988, Dr. Kreith was the chief of thermal research at the Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI), currently the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. During his tenure at SERI, he participated in the Presidential Domestic Energy Review, served as an energy adviser to the governor of Colorado, and was the editor of the ASME Journal of Solar Energy Engineering. He is the author of over a hundred peer-reviewed articles and of textbooks on heat transfer, solar energy, and transportation. He is the recipient of the Charles Greeley Abbot Award from the American Solar Energy Society and the Max Jakob Award from ASME-AIChE, and in 1997 he received the Washington Award for “unselfish and preeminent service in advancing human progress.” In 1998, Dr. Kreith was awarded the ASME medal for research, publications, and public service, and in 2004 he was named ASME Honorary Member. In 2005 the ASME established the Frank Kreith Energy Award, in recognition of Dr. Kreith’s contributions to heat transfer and renewable energy. He now teaches an honors course on sustainable energy at the University of Colorado and has published a textbook on this topic.

PREFACE

In this book I draw upon thirty years of experience in solar energy engineering to prepare the practicing engineer to deliver solar energy systems in their projects. I try to include between the covers of this book all of the information specific to solar energy needed to supplement the general project delivery process of a mechanical, electrical, or plumbing engineering company. When used with conventional design processes, codes, and standards, this book enables a design professional to include photovoltaics, solar water heating, solar ventilation air preheating, and passive solar heating features in the design of buildings.

As associate editor of the Journal of Solar Energy Engineering and more recently as technical and general program chair for the ASME Energy Sustainability Conference in 2009 and 2011, I have studied a lot of literature on the topic of solar energy engineering. I’ve tried to limit the material in this book to only the information that the practicing engineer needs to incorporate solar energy measures into building energy systems. The first chapter is an introduction to the process by which solar projects are delivered and issues to think about when integrating the intermittent solar resource into the conventional energy systems of a building. The topics covered in the subsequent chapters of this book include the quantity, timing, and quality of the solar resource and descriptions of technology and applications specific to photovoltaics; solar water heating; solar ventilation air preheating; passive solar heating, and cooling load avoidance. Many practical examples have been included. Each chapter covers the operating principle of the technology, the major components and how they are arranged in systems, simple calculations of system cost and performance, recommended software for more detailed design and analysis, sample procurement specifications, and case studies of each technology deployed in different applications. Example calculations are included in each section. Each chapter ends with case studies specific to the technology of that chapter, and the book includes a special chapter in color that highlights the features of three solar buildings in more detailed, multi-disciplinary case studies. The intent is to provide comprehensive information through all stages of implementing a solar energy project.

I’ve done my best to provide accurate and useful information in this book. But codes and standards change frequently and are subject to differing interpretation. Therefore, all information here must be presented as my opinion, or my understanding of a situation and its requirements, rather than as instructions or guidelines for a user to follow specifically. All sources of detailed information are referenced, but the reference may be incorrect or my interpretation or use of the information may be incorrect. The possibility of errors or omissions in the equations, tables, and text of this book may not be eliminated. Therefore, when using this book to help you deliver solar projects, it is your responsibility to make sure that the information of the book is applicable to your situation and applied correctly. Consult the authority having jurisdiction in your area for all requirements and questions related to applicable codes and standards.

To the extent possible, I’ve tried to include the names of companies and products, as well as information that might relate to the cost and performance of these products. Please be advised that no list of companies can be complete or up-to-date. Mention of a specific company or product should in no way be understood as an endorsement of any product, and there is no attempt to state that any product is superior or inferior to any other. Performance parameters listed may not be the best or most recent offered by a supplier. New companies come into business, and existing ones go out of business every day, so including mention of a particular company is just to represent a snapshot of a particular experience or reference, with the intention of familiarizing the reader with specifics of the current marketplace. Prices are reported in general and may not be representative of the cost encountered in the context of your project.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I’d like to first thank the professors at Colorado State University Solar Energy Applications Laboratory who prepared me for a career in solar energy engineering: Allen Kirkpatrick and Byron Winn, who included solar topics in the coursework; George Lof, Richard Loerke, and my graduate adviser, Jane Davidson who served on my graduate commitee; and Bill DeCresentis who assembled the experiments.

I gratefully acknowledge the National Renewable Energy Laboratory as an institution and many of the staff there who have made it possible for me to pursue the passion that I have for solar energy, including managers Robert Westby and Nancy Carlisle and many esteemed colleagues. I gained much experience with solar energy projects by working with Anne Crawley and Boyan Kovacic of the US Department of Energy Federal Energy Management Program providing technical assistance to Federal projects. I thank Dave Renne of NREL for much that I know about solar resources, John Thornton for photovoltaics, Jay Burch, Russell Hewett, and Craig Christensen for solar water heating, Chuck Kutscher and Greg Barker for solar ventilation air preheating, and Doug Balcomb and Ren Anderson for much that I know about passive solar and building modeling. I thank NREL lawyer LaNelle Owens for obtaining approval for me to write this book and for providing permission to use NREL information in the book.

I appreciate my colleagues among the American Society of Mechanical Engineers Solar Energy Division who have been such a tremendous resource to me in my career: Jorge Gonzalez, Moncef Krarti, Eduardo Rincon, Aldo Steinfeld, Christian Sattler, Ming Qu, Jeff Morehouse, Frank Kreith, and many others. I’m especially grateful to Jan Kreider for being very generous with his information as I began teaching at University of Colorado at Boulder.

I thank the individuals who provided permission to use their material in the book and especially those who took time to share their experience and insights in the form of interviews that appear in the book. Thanks to Lauren Poole and Mary Azerbegi for reviewing the manuscript and for advice on proper writing. Thanks to Robert Argentieri, Amanda Shettleton and Amy Odum of publisher John Wiley and Sons for turning the proposition of this book into reality.

I thank my family, especially my wife Renee and my children Anna, Joshua, Alexander, and Kirby for the joy they bring and for their understanding in letting me take the time to prepare this book over the last eighteen months.