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- Herausgeber: Biteback Publishing
- Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
- Sprache: Englisch
- Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2021
Niklas Frank was just seven years old when his father, Hans Frank, Hitler's legal adviser and Governor General of occupied Poland, was executed at Nuremberg as a Nazi war criminal. Throughout his life, Niklas has attempted to come to terms with the enormity of the crimes his father committed, and this remarkable book traces how after years of research he uncovered the extent of the horror unleashed by the man who was known as the butcher of Poland. The Father is an extraordinary account of a scarred son struggling to comprehend the depravity of the acts that were committed by his father. Whereas other descendants of Hitler's henchmen and co-collaborators have tried to explain or to forget the crimes of their forebears, Niklas's disgust for his father's actions is unremitting. This book is his attempt to seek revenge. Featuring forewords by Philippe Sands and Sir Ian Kershaw, The Father is by turns shocking, twisted and heart-rending; a devastating settling of accounts written by a son addressing his father as he pictures him burning in the eternal fires of hell.
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FOREWORD
BY PHILIPPE SANDS
Niklas Frank and I met for the first time in early 2011, when I was doing a case on the delimitation of the Bay of Bengal, at the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea in Hamburg. We met on the terrace of the Hotel Jacob, near Blankenese, on the outskirts of Hamburg, overlooking the river Elbe. It was early spring and we were sitting under the canopy of sweet-smelling lime trees. With a bottle of Riesling and a generous plate of German cheeses, after a full day of hearings in court, I was a little anxious about meeting the son of the man who had heaped so much misery and horror on my grandfather and his family. I needn’t have worried.
In the course of our conversation, he said: ‘I must tell you, Philippe, that I am against the death penalty in all cases.’ Pause. ‘Except in the case of my father.’ Then he did something even more unexpected: he put his hand into the breast pocket of his jacket and removed a small black and white photograph, worn and faded. ‘My father was a criminal,’ he said, as he passed the image across the table of his father’s lifeless body, taken a few minutes after he was hanged. ‘Every day I look at this,’ Niklas said. ‘To remind me, to make sure, that he is dead.’
Niklas had the air of an academic; kindly, approachable vibut also steely, with his own temperament and agenda. I liked him from the outset, with his bearded, lively face, recognisable from the childhood photographs, a generosity of spirit, a mischievous grin, a sharp sense of humour and tongue. He spoke of a childhood in Kraków and Warsaw, of life at the Wawel Castle, of the challenges of having had Hans Frank as his father. I, who had grown up on the other side of the story, was confronted by a new reality: how is it to be the child of a man who has been hanged for the murder of more than 4 million human beings?
We stayed in touch, and our relationship deepened. In due course, he introduced me to another son, Horst, the fourth of the six children of Charlotte and Otto Wächter, who was one of his father’s deputies in Nazi-occupied Poland. Unlike Niklas, Horst wanted to find the good in his father, who was never tried or convicted but went on the run after the war, and died in mysterious circumstances in Rome, in the arms of a Vatican bishop. I published an article in the Financial Times about Horst and his father – ‘My father, the good Nazi’ – in which Niklas also featured.
The article catalysed the making of a BBC documentary film – My Nazi Legacy: What our Fathers Did – in the course of which Niklas, Horst and I did an event at the South Bank in London and later travelled together to Lviv. Niklas and I visited his childhood home in Kraków, where we stood before Leonardo da Vinci’s portrait of Cecilia Gallerani, Lady with an Ermine. He had last seen it seventy years earlier, standing next to his father. The following year, in 2016, I published East West Street, which featured Niklas and drew heavily on his book.
As the years unfolded, Niklas and I came to know each other well – events at the Hay Festival, in London, Vienna, in Nuremberg’s famous Courtroom 600 and later at the viiMucem in Marseilles – and we became friends. This strikes me as extraordinary, that the grandchild of a man whose family was murdered by Hans Frank should befriend the son of Hans Frank. That such a friendship was possible is largely because of this remarkable book; the expression of an act of rare courage and extraordinary honesty.
To grapple with a heinous past is never an easy thing, but when it involves your own family the complexities multiply. The Father: A Revenge drew much attention when it was first published in Germany, a first and dramatic break with the silence of the descendants of those who were the gravest perpetrators. It heralded a new period of reflection and introspection, for it is within families rather than nations that the true and most painful secrets really lie. To lay them bare is to allow others to understand, and with understanding comes the possibility of hope.
Reading The Father was a transformative act, one that opened new doors and possibilities. In its own way, and with its particular style, it is among the most significant books I have ever read. It is no less important a work today than when it was first published, or when the terrible events it touches upon took place. It is a reminder – as necessary as ever – of what happens when lines are crossed, when an individual in a position of power lacks, as Niklas once put it to me, ‘civil courage’.
Philippe Sandsviii
FOREWORD
BY SIR IAN KERSHAW
This is a remarkable book. Seldom, if ever, can a book have been written in which hatred, loathing and revulsion speak from practically every line. And seldom, if ever, can such bilious disgust and relentless contempt have had as their object the author’s own father.
This father was Hans Frank, one of Hitler’s leading henchmen, among the mightiest in the land during the Third Reich. Born in 1900, the son of a lawyer debarred for corruption, Hans Frank’s own legal training was put at Hitler’s service, earning him high office in the Nazi state after 1933 as Bavarian Minister of Justice, President of the Academy of German Justice and Reich Minister without Portfolio. The accretion of power and wealth that accompanied this rise of Hans Frank was no more than a start. From 1939 onwards, his lust for power and riches was satisfied beyond his dreams when Hitler made him Governor General of Poland, the head of that extensive part of the country which Germany did not directly incorporate into the Reich. With his seat in the Wawel Castle, former home of the kings of Poland, Hans Frank now lorded it as Hitler’s viceroy in the Government General. Even by Nazi standards, his rapaciousness, cruelty and corruption were on the xgrand scale. For the terrorised population of a ruthlessly subjugated and exploited colony under the heel of the jackboot, Frank’s rule amounted to six years of unremitting horror. The fate of the Jews was even more dire. Over 3 million Jews lived in his domains in 1939. By 1943 almost all of them had perished, most of them gassed to death in the extermination camps of Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka and Majdanek situated in his realm. It was little wonder that Hans Frank came by the end of the war to occupy a prominent place on the Allies’ wanted list. After the fall of the Third Reich, he was captured by the Americans, tried at Nuremberg as a major war criminal, convicted on charges of war crimes and crimes against humanity and hanged. At the time of his execution, in 1946, the author of this book, his son Niklas Frank, was seven years old.
The book is an extraordinary testimony to the author’s irredeemably scarred psyche, an outpouring of detestation which is the product of the lasting trauma caused by the childhood years in the Wawel Castle, the experience of his father’s trial and execution and the long post-war attempt to come to terms with life as the son of a Nazi monster. The offspring of other leading Nazis have usually sought to avoid public attention and have often stood by their fathers, finding support and sometimes solace among well-established contacts and known sympathisers. Niklas Frank took a radically different path (and one which brought him opprobrium from those who accused him of ‘fouling the nest’). He sought ‘a reckoning’ (as the subtitle of the original German version of this book calls it) with his father. The book certainly amounts to that: a ruthless settling of accounts with this father’s memory and personal legacy to his son. It is written in the form of a prolonged xiaddress to his dead father, a constant indictment of his deeds and actions in which diary extracts, parts of speeches, official documents and evidence presented at Nuremberg are interspersed with biting commentary and, in places, a mordant black wit. As a destructive analysis of the monstrous and appalling butcher of the Poles, Hans Frank, this book cannot be bettered. But as it unfolds, taking us through Hans Frank’s career, through his ‘time of glory’ down to the end on the gallows in Nuremberg, it offers us not only a compelling insight into the repulsive nature of the vile and contemptible subject of the book, but also of the Nazi regime in its entirety.
The way the author writes is meant to repel, to make us recoil from the evil he sees in his father. He succeeds in this brilliantly. Through this language he opens up for us the full horror of what his father represented, what his father did and what his father was. The shock of the language begins at the very start, with the opening pages and the way the author describes his almost physical pleasure from his father’s dying. It continues, unabated, to the last lines of this extraordinary tract.
Not least of the strong emotions evoked by the book is that of sympathy with the plight of the author. As page after page makes plain, the life and death of the father have seared the son without remittance. The traumatisation has not lifted. The last lines of a last paragraph horrifying in its linguistic imagery leave no doubt on this score, when he describes himself as ‘an eternal zombie’ repeatedly attempting to leap away from his father.
This is a unique account of Nazi horror from one who has suffered lasting repercussions by being so close to one of its arch-perpetrators – his father. It is a book that xiideserves to be read. It is hard to think of a more vivid depiction of the sordid power-lust, corruption, depravity and despotism that followed inexorably on the contemptuous destruction of legality and human rights that took place in Hitler’s regime.
Sir Ian Kershaw
CONTENTS
A BLOODY FOOTNOTE TO THE HISTORY OF OUR TIMES
Top Nazi sperm enters a top Nazi egg.
She had no orgasm when you came – when I came.
She had no lofty sensations when you were lying on top of her, fat as you were – not even at the time you were siring me. You never knew that. I got it from Aunt Margot. ‘Can’t imagine what men find in all that,’ Mother would say in astonishment – and then she would have one pregnancy after another. (Were you always the father?) Yet she bore me for you, the Minister of the Reich without Portfolio, the President of the Academy of German Justice, the Governor General of Poland and today a bloody footnote to the history of our times – executed, thank God, cremated and scattered in the Konwentz Brook at Solln near Munich, your ashes mixed with those of Göring, of Streicher and Ribbentrop, of Jodl and Kaltenbrunner, of Frick, Keitel, Seyss-Inquart, of Sauckel and Rosenberg – a nauseating water-soluble Nazi mess.
Your final photograph is on the table in front of me. There you are, still fresh in your death, at rest on your blanket, with your neck broken, your eyes closed, your mouth half open, your full lips maybe just a touch too pale – did you bite your lips under your black hood at the moment of your plunge?
Such beautiful hands, the fingers so long. One might 2easily imagine them playing mazurkas, études. And they’re so elegantly arranged – it is almost as if at the very moment the trapdoor opened, you were about to snap them at some waiter, requesting your bill.
But that image won’t work. At the time of your death, your hands were tied behind your back, your feet strapped together at the ankles. The suit in which you dangled out your life is really quite becoming. Or did they dress you in it after the fact? Was this when they also wiped the blood from your lips? As you were falling through the trapdoor, did you strike your chin on its wooden edge on the way down? Was that the reason for the blood? How unfair it would have been if the blow had knocked you out. You deserved to enjoy, in full awareness, every last millimetre of rope, right up to the final shock. All right, I admit it: John Woods, the American hangman, was a miserable executioner. No real feeling for details, such as the correct measurements for a trapdoor.
How happy Mother was when she learned of Hangman Woods’s demise in 1950. It happened when he was testing out an electric chair. Both Mother and I drank a cup of real ground coffee to celebrate this special event. ‘Now if that’s not a sign from heaven!’ Mother exclaimed, calling upon the Lord God to wreak vengeance for the Nazis.
When I first saw the photograph of your dead body I was dazed. Now it only makes me sick to see your dead face; the face that your lies didn’t die with.
Do you still remember that day in September 1946, about three weeks before your final photo opportunity? I was sitting facing you in the Nuremberg prison, on Mother’s lap. You were next to an American GI wearing a glossy white helmet; there was a pane of glass between us. I knew 3that you would soon be dead. But still you had to lie. You said we would soon be celebrating Christmas, all of us together at the Schoberhof, our house on the Schliersee in Bavaria. And I was thinking to myself, ‘Why is he lying like that? He knows he’s going to be hanged, doesn’t he? Why is he lying?’ As I was climbing down from Mother’s lap and about to leave with her, you cracked some stupid joke: ‘And then Tony Huber came along, too, shitting all over the woods…’ That was not enough of a final message for me to leave with, let me tell you. Why didn’t you say, ‘My son, you are seven years old. You know that I’m going to die. We shall never see each other again. I will be sentenced to death by hanging. The punishment is a just one. But, son, I am so very frightened of dying’? And then perhaps after that a little word of advice for me to take with me through life, like: ‘Never throw away paper clips!’ Or: ‘Just forget the first verse of “Deutschland über alles”!’
No, instead of that you had to bring up the only funny story you ever knew, about Tony Huber shitting in the woods because he was so frightened of the robbers – although he was a robber himself. In the old days you used to tell it while we listened to a recording of the overture to Auber’s Fra Diavolo.
But the GI with the white helmet was not holding a gramophone in his lap.
As a child I made your death my own.
The nights just before 16 October became sacred for me. I took pleasure in your death. I would lay myself down naked on the stinking linoleum floor of our bathroom toilet, legs apart, my left hand on my slack dick and with a gentle rubbing movement I would begin to see you: there you would be, walking back and forth in your jail cell, your 4fists pressed against your eyeballs, moaning, muttering to yourself some preposterous military ideal about dying with honour, then sitting down again and listening to see if they are coming for you. You’re familiar by now with all the different sounds. You have been sitting there long enough in that room with the bars; your pulse is racing, you force yourself to look once more at your final letters home to your dear ones (noting perhaps how hollow and false and sanctimonious they sound) and then you get up again, clasp your hands, nervously intertwine your fingers, pull them apart again, open your fly; you have to pee again; but only a few drops come forth. You know that people piss and shit when they die and you want to be clean in your death, at least down there. I can feel your panic in the face of death, now, as footsteps approach your cell. You cringe against the rear wall, staring at the door, your eyelids fluttering, and let out a whispered, strangled ‘No.’ The bolts. The locks. The door swings open; guards leap upon you, chain your hands and feet. And between your guards you stumble along with tiny steps down the long corridor, to the gymnasium. (What an exercise in stretching awaits you there!) The sweat is running down your back between your shoulder blades, down into the crack of your arse; the chains at your ankles make your gait ridiculous; and they’re holding you by your upper arms, the way guards have done since time began, as if from the moment of your arrest you had forgotten how to walk. The door to the gymnasium opens; you see the tall platform, on it three gallows, curtained beneath by black cloth; will it be the curtain at the left, in the middle or the one to the right that will conceal your fall from the eyes of the witnesses? You see them now, perhaps you recognise some 5of the German witnesses – Wilhelm Hoegner, for example, the Prime Minister of Bavaria. Oh, how the entire Frank family hated him from that moment on; they said he was a traitor, just because he had ‘been there’. Maybe you have one more thing to tell me? Here is your opportunity. For even in your case the executioners insist on honouring that foolish tradition and letting you – you dreadful chatterbox – say a few final words. Well, get on with it, then: give me your final greeting. Maybe now is the time for that word of advice about paper clips; or maybe very loudly you could shout, ‘My God, how you have all pissed on me!’; or ‘Hello, Herr Hoegner – my wife will never forgive you for being here!’; or ‘What a life that was and what a death!’ But no; you had to remain a smarmy bastard to the very end, for the present and for the hereafter. And so you say: ‘My thanks for the kind treatment shown to me during my imprisonment. I beg the Lord to accept me mercifully.’
That sentence is only grammatically in order, Father.
They said that you whispered those words. And then they led you up the thirteen steps (symbolism is essential), slipped the hood over your head, the noose around your neck and away with you into eternity. Whereupon I have an orgasm.
* * *
I flew to America, to get eyewitness testimony and other first-hand information. Father Sixtus O’Connor, seventy-two years old, living in Albany, New York, was the first to destroy my lust. He said that when they opened the door of your cell you were kneeling. Astonishing. Your hands were folded in prayer. O’Connor approached you; you 6looked up at him and said, ‘When I was a little boy, every morning before I went off to school my mother would make the sign of the cross on my forehead. Please, Father, do that for me now!’ And so he did. How was I supposed to masturbate to that image? What a scene, you pig! Who would expect anyone to be kneeling right behind the cell door? What a great performance from a ham actor.
‘And then we walked between the guards to the execution,’ the pious man in the USA tells me.
‘Father,’ I say, ‘did you pray with him on the way there?’
‘No, we just talked.’
‘About what?’ I ask him, for it was a long walk to the gallows. It was shortly after 1 a.m.; the guards were quiet; I wonder if it was possible for there to have been one final honest bit of conversation between the two men. ‘What did you and my father talk about?’
‘Oh,’ answers this splendid specimen of a Franciscan, ‘this and that – I can’t remember any longer, to tell the truth.’
Why did such a mediocrity like you, Father, choose to live with nothing but other mediocrities right up to the very moment of your death?
This man of God clearly had other more important things on his mind at the time. Proudly he goes on, ‘And the last words your father spoke were, “Jesus, have mercy.” I heard it very clearly.’
I become embarrassed. If your piety was genuine, you really found your way into the lap of the Catholic Church. Hey, you! I nearly found myself believing in your faith – had you really converted like some modern Saint Paul? Or was this all an act?
O’Connor saves me from my delusion. ‘I begged your father to…’7
‘To what?’
‘To say, “Jesus, have mercy.” And he did say it. Those words were on his lips when he rushed through the trapdoor. I heard it clearly: “Jesus, have mercy.”’
The man of God was pleased. Were you pleased, too? Were those words your ticket to Paradise?
The rope took your breath away even before the fall – the very second before, when you were standing up there, high above the others, your head in the black hood, your heart a high-pressure pump, your body stiff with the frenzy of fear. Yes, Father, it is a goddamned shitty shame to die completely awake and fully conscious, fit as a fiddle, having been tested and declared by the officials at Nuremberg to belong to the top third of Nazi criminals, well-fed while all of Europe is starving – and then for you to give in and in a loud whisper say, ‘Jesus, have mercy’!
‘I heard him say it very clearly. Before the snapping sound. That, you see, was the terrible thing about your father’s death, that sound of his neck cracking. You could hear it all over the gymnasium.’ I weep, Father, I weep. Why do I weep? What was the snapping like? Like a cork being pulled from a bottle? Like the sound of a willow walking stick breaking? Like the splitting of a log? Like the clicking of your tongue against the roof of your mouth?
It was the last sound you made; the only thing that followed it was your death fart. You are hanging. You are left there hanging. You are swaying gently back and forth. The doctor – two doctors – listen to your chest with their stethoscopes and pronounce you dead. O’Connor scurries up, for now is his chance, the pay-off for the Church, to follow through with the deal that he had prearranged with the authorities: that there would be a little hole cut in the black 8hood, a hole right at forehead-level, especially cut out so that you could receive extreme unction. The priest makes the sign of the cross on your brow with the holy chrism. The end, and Amen.
You didn’t feel anything any more.
The end of a criminal, a big shot gets hanged, a thoroughly cultivated German, someone who had known the truth of poetry and music and who sold out for a Horch, a Mercedes and a luxury private railway carriage with mahogany and decadence on all sides.
THREE FATHERS TOO MANY
Your betrayal assured me a regal childhood in the Third Reich. I had everything. At night snuggled up under luxurious blankets on the back seat of a mammoth limousine, green and red lights on the dashboard, next to me my nursemaid, in front of us the chauffeur with his uniform and cap; me dozing, filled with wonderful food. Life for me was meeting illustrious guests in halls lighted by chandeliers. I would be passed along – ‘Now make your little bow to the gentlemen and kiss the ladies’ hands.’ Always at eye level with their balls, their pussies. I was still only a child, and for me the Third Reich was little more than being surrounded by people in formal military breeches and tight-fitting ladies’ gowns covered with glitter and usually stretched to the bursting point by the fat thighs beneath them.
I can see myself holding a diamond-studded sword with both hands and whacking off the tops of nettles, until it was taken away from me (‘No, no, that’s much too valuable for such things’). Where did that sword come from, Father? I can see myself, the object of benevolent smiles, playing hide-and-seek among the tombs of the Polish royalty in Kraków, up at the castle, the Wawel. I see myself, guarded by SS soldiers, splashing naked in the pond at still another castle, Kressendorf; see myself eating noodle soup with an SS guard. I think what the Third Reich meant above all for 10me is crying and running around the big round table in Belvedere Castle in Warsaw, running around and around after you and you making fun of me: ‘Well, now, where do you suppose he is, our Little Stranger? You don’t even belong to our family, do you? Well, what do you want then, Little Stranger?’ And all the while the only thing I wanted was to be in your arms and I cried until my tears dried up – until they were as dry as your ashes would be, later. Today I thank you for that.
Perhaps I really was the ‘Little Stranger’. Ten years old in 1949, I had enough sense to understand the rumours whispered by our relatives that insinuated I could make my choice among three possible fathers. One of them was you. The second was Karl Lasch, your friend, the one you liked to call ‘my blond rascal’, the man with the two doctorates – not surprising, considering the fraudulent way the two of you cooked up at least one of them. You, the President of the Academy of German Justice; he, your director there. Later you brought him to Kraków and made him one of the governors under you. He, the handsome Lasch, the dream of illustrious ladies, also loved her – your wife, my mother.
Am I the secret child of their love affair?
‘No,’ said Frau K., your secretary, whom I visited decades later. (She had peered out through the curtains of her little one-bedroom house, watching me come up her garden path to visit her.) ‘No, there’s no resemblance at all to Lasch!’ Would I be happy if there were? They say he was friendly to animals, this handsome SA chargé.
If the rumoured affair with Mother was in fact true, you had your sweet revenge. You did not so much as lift a finger for your own governor when he was about to be murdered by the SS. Or were you too frightened? I believe 11you were. He did nothing different from what you did. He, too, made a personal fortune for himself, just as you did – even though you passionately denied any such thing right up to the bitter end.
Poor Lasch, the little potentate. He had a fancy photograph taken of himself at his palace in Lviv, festooned with his medals like some big shot, looking into the camera with those bedroom eyes that no doubt dressed and undressed Mother. He scarcely had time to warm up his governor’s chair before his body was cold. And all that only because he had emulated the behaviour of the other German Lords of the East. He, too, sent truckloads of fabrics, furs and foodstuffs home to the Reich, wheeled and dealed in luxury automobiles bought in Holland with government money and then shipped illegally to Poland for resale. (What bad luck that his father just happened to be sitting in one of the trucks when the SS stopped it at the German border.)
Like so much else in that life of yours, the history of this betrayal ran its predictable course. Lasch, embroiled in an affair with some secretary or other, had managed to get yet another secretary into his bed. That naturally put the first one’s nose out of joint, and so she promptly alerted the SS to the details about the next shipment, let them in on when a truck loaded with loot was expected to be on its way to Germany from Poland for the war profiteers. Or do you suppose Mother tipped them off about Lasch? You know how she could fight. Even Father O’Connor knew that about her: ‘Your father, you know, was still scared of your mother, even when he was in prison in Nuremberg.’
Here, then, is one possible scenario: Mother had palmed me – Lasch’s brat – off on you. Do you think she was going to put up with two more of the blond rascal’s floozies? Or could it be that she was already fed up with him, especially 12after she got word of his marriage plans? In fact, he did get married. So if it was Mother who betrayed him (and I like the idea of her doing that), she was quick about it. Lasch and his bride did not so much as get a chance to hop into their marriage bed; the only thing he could manage was some final letters to her, in 1942 – pious, slobbering letters like your own four years later, from your cell in Nuremberg.
Lasch was your first murder – among your friends, that is. When they came to get your governor, there you were sitting quiet as a mouse up at your castle. After the war those who knew him did not wish to have their own honour tainted by such an association, not unlike the situation with our family. So they invented a fairy tale about how Lasch had to die because he had helped rescue so many Jews in Poland that they were nearly obliged to put the gas-oven workers at Auschwitz on a half-time schedule. It was on Himmler’s orders, they said, that he was forced to leave this vale of tears so suddenly – almost as fast as the way you got your hands on many a valuable antique. Himmler had a pistol put in Lasch’s cell, so the story goes, and so naturally Lasch, the man of honour, shot himself right in the forehead (‘the spot of the brave’, as the chroniclers of kitsch call it). None of it is true. Daddy Number 2 surely had no desire to knock himself off; so two SS characters took care of it for him, presumably in a prison in Breslau.
I didn’t know him during those days of might and glory, any more than I knew my Daddy Number 3, Carl Schmitt. Did you, Father, happen to know about Mother’s relationship with that gentleman? Mother’s chauffeur used to complain bitterly about having to wait for hours outside the restaurant in Berlin where he and Mother would secretly carry on in a delightful chambre séparée. That was Schmitt. 13He was the great expert in constitutional law, as it is called these days, the same one who concocted the legal cover-up for Hitler’s murder of Röhm and the SA men in 1934. He lived on much longer than I had realised.
In fact, it was not until 1985 that I read of his death in the newspaper, old as Methuselah. I had an urge to salute the memory of Daddy Number 3, and so I went to Plettenberg. He was to be buried that afternoon. (He had been forbidden to teach after the war – one of a very small number, it must be added. Despite that, he managed somehow to see to it that his apostles, in the spirit of their former master, muddled the minds of their students in the next generation.) In the morning I went to the cemetery, where I found myself alone. I went as far as the mortuary hall but did not have the courage to enter. A man came out, a gardener perhaps, and asked me what I wanted. I said I would like to see Herr Schmitt’s coffin, but he didn’t understand me; he shouted that he was hard of hearing and I shouted that I wanted to see Herr Schmitt. Yes, he shrieked, he was in there. I roared back that I – no, that my father – had been a very close friend of his, of Herr Schmitt. Aha, he screamed back, a friend, then, and said that I should come with him, which I did. Inside the hall the man’s voice reverberated as if he were standing at the walls of Jericho. There was the coffin, inside it my Father Number 3. I assumed the reverential posture, hands folded over my private parts, whereupon the man shouted, ‘Would you like to see him one last time?’ I nodded and we stepped into the niche where he lay. ‘Unscrew the top on your side and I’ll do it over here,’ he bellowed, and I unscrewed the two bronze bolts. I was frightened of my first confrontation with the man who was responsible for fashioning the will of the Führer into law. The gardener heaved the coffin lid up and there lay… 14Gerhart Hauptmann, that famous writer – at least he looked just like him, my Father Number 3: ivory-white hair, red eruptions on his face from lying so long in the hospital, fingers intertwined over his chest, bloodless, alabaster, so appropriate to this Christian lying-in-state of an old Hitler fan, his fingers so white, their contours so vague, that they all seemed to blend into one. The hands looked like a pair of pale, webbed flippers. There was no smell about him. I thought to myself, I have never seen this man before, in the flesh; the least I should do is touch him once. The gardener heaved a great sigh. ‘The lid is heavy,’ he shouted in a voice loud enough to wake the dead. (It occurred to me that it was somehow appropriate for them to hire deaf people here.) I laid the tips of the index and middle fingers of my right hand on his brow. Light as a feather, his head waggled back and forth once, as if to say, ‘No, I am not your father.’ He was already way beyond rigor mortis, this 96-year-old gentleman, over whom we now lowered and fastened the wooden coffin lid. In a loud voice I thanked the gardener for my first and final tête-à-tête.
A MILLION GALLOWS ALONG THE AUTOBAHN
I would have liked him, that Father Number 3 of mine – just as I liked them all, your comrades-in-battle from the GG, the Government General of Occupied Poland, those at the Justice Ministry, all those old men and women. They were always delighted when I made my appearance among them. ‘Do you realise how really outstanding the bureaucracy in the Government General was?’ one of them said to me, with pride in his voice. ‘You can still tell that from the splendid positions all of us have now in Germany.’
Well, Father. I’ve got to congratulate you on the creation of a post-war Germany, a new country in your spirit. Five years and three months of bureaucratic training and practice in a raped land; that is why it has worked out so well with putting those constraints on civil rights in Germany today. Yes, indeed, it’s getting to be more and more a state created in your own spirit.
Once again, a choking, suffocating, putrid mantle of political self-glorification has settled down over Germany. The arrogance of power is on the march just as you were then. They have your same shameless, sordid manner; they manipulate the law, they disdain the average citizen. No, your times were not swept away with your ashes in 16the waters of the Konwentz at Solln. Your goddamned ashes fertilised far too many plants along the edge of that brook; they germinated again. Because of people like you, your Eternal Germany is threatened more from within than from without and its conscience is like yours – which is to say, it does not exist. One fateful initiative, one evil impulse, coming from almost anywhere and you can take over the reins once more, you and a thousand others like you.
You know, we’ve got that same old itch once again. But this time we’ve got it good. Reunited. Eighty-three million Germans equals 83 million times that clammy, secretive urge for aggression. When is that bottled-up power, lying in ambush, growing by the day, going to be let loose again? How much do they want for eastern Europe? Isn’t it ours anyhow? What do we care about the West? To be German means to be free, no bridle, no boundaries, unlimited freedom.
I have wicked fantasies lodged in my brain, one of them an image of millions of gallows erected along the autobahns right after the war; of the American Hangman Woods driving slowly past them in your confiscated Maybach and releasing the trapdoors one after the other. What a wholesome chorus of cracking necks would have resounded over Germany, the snapping neck bones of all those judges, lawyers, industrialists, guards, wardens and informers. Not one of you had the right to go on living. The ones who managed did so underhandedly. The minute the war was over, your beloved judges and public prosecutors, for example, issued themselves their own certificates of purity, de-Nazified themselves and became 99 and 44/100ths per cent pure. By adding nothing more than the 17prefix ‘democratic’, they went on judging and prosecuting in your spirit. In that sense you have every right to be satisfied. Your Societies of the Upholders of Justice, your League of Lawyers, your Union of National Socialist Jurists, your Academy of German Justice, have survived you. The recipients of the Nazi Blood Order of German Justice brought your immortal thoughts with them right into our successor state. At many a trial they’re suddenly radiant again. It is then I know that you have returned to dwell among them, you perfect exemplar from the underbelly of today’s herd of former fellow travellers, still drooling with lust for the old pomp-and-glory days. I run into your sort more and more frequently these days.
After the war, Mother used to like to sit with a copy of the membership roster of your Academy of German Justice on her lap and take malicious pleasure in putting little checkmarks in front of names she had come across in newspaper obituaries, or in news reports about this or that person having been promoted to lofty, sometimes even to the loftiest, positions as judges or other high officials. In Mother’s own personal checklists many a patriotic career appeared a good deal different than in today’s official versions. She had known many of them personally. ‘That one!’ she’d say. ‘He couldn’t find enough boots to lick.’
Imagine for a second that you survived, you the prototype of the German criminal, the man who began his career with doctorate in hand, ran his own law firm and was an assistant at the Munich Institute of Technology, you who never actually bumped anyone off personally, but who certainly saw to it that when it was done, it was done with great precision. A career that began that way would have put you in good stead in the new Germany. After a bit of 18de-Nazification, your metamorphosis from Nazi to good Christian Democrat would have taken place without a hitch. With that gift for speech-making of yours and with that folksy way you could shift into a Bavarian dialect with farmers and others, you were ready-made for a seat in the Bavarian Parliament or even the Bundestag in Bonn. Spiced with a few Latin phrases, your inspiring voice would reflect your ardour for the new democracy and your condemnation of the brownshirt dictatorship, to which, alas, you had fallen a helpless victim; for, as everyone knew, you had submitted your resignation as Governor General of Poland to the Führer over and over again.
Almost as if Hitler wanted to safeguard my youth, he refused to accept your ridiculous attempts to resign. Admit that you bent and twisted these rejections into proof of how much love and trust Hitler had in you and you swallowed this fiction yourself.
The appeal for clemency that your lawyer, Alfred Seidl, submitted just before your date with the gallows – I still tremble at the thought that it might have succeeded – is something you claimed not to want. You were placing your hopes in Pope Pius XII. You would have enjoyed the wording of the appeal. The way you altered your confession of guilt at Easter of 1946 to the evasive qualifications of that following autumn, the way you began to balance the crimes of the Germans against the crimes of the Allies, was just like the arguments of that crafty lawyer Seidl. He said that the legal decision had been rendered, the verdict that you were to be executed; but the question as to the political wisdom of actually carrying out the sentence was another, and more dubious, matter. Struggling to keep your neck out of the noose, he then began to list your 19arguments, those that have become the foundation for the subsequent German politics of psychological repression: that whole business about the terrible crimes perpetrated by the Eastern powers … the Red Peril … and the bombing of Dresden … and how restless the German people were … and how the Western world needs them … and that Hans Frank alive would be of much greater use to the victors than as fish food in the Konwentz Brook … and … well, you know all the sorts of things one has to write for such an amnesty appeal – you were a lawyer yourself. But the whole attempt did no good.
Just imagine if it had worked. You would have ended up hanging out with Rudolf Hess in Spandau, well-nourished and ancient (because there would be nothing there to wear you out). Then there would have been a big stink if I as your son had refused to go along with President Weizsäcker’s plea for your release, my grounds being simply that to have you constantly muttering and justifying yourself in the same house would have been too much to bear. Praise be to the Soviets for refusing ever to let Hess out of Spandau and for the fact that he had to shuffle his way through the prison yard for the rest of his long life until he died. He was another one who through his dedication, his speeches and his acts made it possible for us to commit the most insane crimes in all of human history.
And even if I should be overcome by pity and find myself picturing an old man, totally isolated, waiting for his death, all I have to do is quickly change the slide in the projector I have in my head and just as intensely summon up the image of a Polish, Russian or Jewish mother (here come the clichés) who sits hunched over, holding the crumpled photo of her only son whom we have shot to death, 20beaten to death, gassed, whose brains we have dashed out against a wall – all those things one does when one wants ‘to give culture a shot in the arm’, as you once so delicately defined one of the goals of the war.
THE GALLANT HERR HITLER
The snapping of your neck spared me from having a totally screwed-up life. You certainly would have poisoned my brain with all your drivel, the fate of the silent majority of my generation, who did not have the good fortune of having their fathers hanged.
That’s why I’m happy to be your son. How poor by comparison are all the millions of other children whose fathers spouted the same rubbish filled with deceit and cowardice, with bloodthirstiness and inhumanity, but who were not so prominent as you. Their tirades were not worth recording, their journals not worth preserving. I have it good. I can scrape together the festering scraps of your life in the archives of Europe and America. I am able to examine them with no fear of being molested by that buddy-buddy bullshit and lying by your family and former associates. No matter how often I try to root them out, with scalpel or hammer, the same typical German monster emerges.
There is no doubt about it: you will also lose the second Nuremberg trial, this mini trial with your son as prosecutor, judge and hangman in one. Yes, I know, that is not in the spirit of the separation of powers, but it is difficult to find enough players to fill these roles. Almost every person who has ever spoken with me about you has had a remarkable urge to defend you to me and has been horrified when 22I have said, ‘My father was a criminal.’ They told me this was utterly appalling and kept insisting on the virtue of filial piety – a virtue that evidently is meant never to be consumed, not even by the flames of the ovens that were packed with Jews. They have told me in conclusion, holding out little hope for reconciliation with them and adding a word or two of course about the Allied bombing of Dresden, ‘You don’t understand that time, because you weren’t really old enough.’
On the contrary, Father, now I do understand it. That is why I am dragging you up out of the void, out of your cauldron down there in hell, where I’ve pictured you ever since my childhood. Forever being cooked in the bubbling blood of your victims. Your meat hanging down in shreds, your neck broken and your head flopped on your shoulders, unrestrained.
For years I’ve hunted down everything there was to know about you, beginning each new encounter with a polite introductory sentence: ‘I am the son of Hans Frank, Governor General of Poland, executed at Nuremberg. As far as I have been able to discover, you were the head of the ––– in Kraków.’ Not everyone was prepared to speak to me. Some tested me first with questions. ‘What was the name of the Frank family’s dog?’ Tommy. ‘Who was Frank’s closest administrative assistant in Kraków?’ Secretary of State Bühler. ‘When did your good father leave Kraków?’ 17 January 1945. Once I had passed the test, the worst part began. They began to mourn for you, to lament your fate, to say how sorry they were for me because of my ruined life; for themselves, because of the brevity of their glory days in the Third Reich. And I had to put up with all that crap, unable to get a word in edgeways and say that as far as I now knew, you were a real arsehole of 23a human being. If I had managed to get that in, that would have shut them up, scared them into making the sign of the crooked cross.
I wanted to learn everything there was to know about you. I was prepared, as your son, to let mercy temper justice. But the more I learned about you, the more I read about you and the more I came to recognise the new self-satisfied, reactionary conformity in Germany – the more you came to life and the more I hated you. I am alive, do you hear me? I am alive. I am older than you will ever be. That is what I always wanted to achieve and what I promised to myself as a child. Even if it was only for one second! And only after I die will I let my inner swine loose; will I let loose of you, you swine.
I reach down into the pile of rubbish that was your life left to me in the form of documents, letters, photographs, written testimony by those who knew you; and I continue my endless search for further evidence of your cowardly existence.
After your death, Mother rarely spoke about the great and glorious life the two of you had together. Had it become a painful memory for her? There were only two stories that still seemed to please her. One of them was about gallant Herr Hitler, whom she had once had the honour of sitting next to at Bayreuth. Her programme fell from her lap. ‘Just imagine! Adolf Hitler bent over and he picked up that programme, kept it for himself and gave me his very own to keep. The Führer was such a gentleman!’
The focus of her second story was the underhanded remark made by a diplomat, which, of course, Mother, lame-brained as she was in those things, never caught on to and took as a genuine compliment. François-Poncet, the French ambassador to Berlin at the time, turned to your 24wife, his dinner partner at some state function or other and, having endured her inane chatter throughout the meal, said to her, ‘Madame, how much better it would have been had you become the diplomat.’
Needless to say, those are pretty pathetic memories of a life, Father. She never once told me about her expeditions to the ghettos in Warsaw and Kraków, about her avaricious and intimidating raids on the Jews there, deprived as they were of all human rights. I had to learn that elsewhere. That research cost me plenty in flowers, pretence and trickery with relatives, acquaintances and Mother’s women friends, before I began to realise, even vaguely, for how many human beings the Franks were angels of death and objects of justifiable hate.
18,000 MARKS FOR FRANK MEMORABILIA
What were the things of yours I possessed before I set out on my search for you?
A rubber stamp which if you pressed it down on a piece of paper would produce the beautiful and appropriate words ‘Property of Reichsminister Dr Frank’.
A card (elegant, heavy paper stock) on the back of which a list has been written in Mother’s hand. It runs from ‘coffee warmer’, ‘thirty-one new napkins’, ‘silver and red foxtails’, ‘French silver brocade’, ‘one decanter with silver stopper’ to Item Number 31, ‘porcelain chandelier’. And on the front, the card says, ‘Sincere Christmas greetings, Heil Hitler!’ And then your signature, ‘Frank’, and under that, ‘Governor General’. Eventually I was able to determine that the list was of valuable objects that had been plundered from our home after the humiliating collapse of the Frank family. Yes, yes, Father, relax; I know, it lists only the tiniest part. On the other hand, didn’t we plunder all these things ourselves in the first place?
And I was bequeathed a bust of Mother’s head, in plaster of Paris, a mighty flattering portrait, too, like the ones you see in palaces.
I also have twenty-three postcards showing Kressendorf Castle, our weekend home near Kraków. (Numerically they 26are the most impressive part of my legacy from the family’s days of grandeur – except for the photographs.) Mother must have sent dozens of these cards to those friends from earlier years, the ones who didn’t make it and got stuck in the plebeian flatlands. The typical message on the cards was probably something like ‘As you see, I have moved.’
And I own your prayer book, the little slender one in which you wrote me one final farewell the evening before you called out your ‘Jesus, have mercy.’ That final word from you to me made me furious because you misspelled my first name; you put a c in it. I remember thinking at the time, people shouldn’t do things like that, not at the hour of their death.
‘To you, my dear, good Nicki,’ you wrote, ‘I dedicate this little prayer book in heartfelt love. May your life be lived under the merciful protection of God! May God guide your steps to His peace and grace! My prayers are with you for ever, my Nicki. Your Daddy.’ Too late, too late, too late. You did not seize even this opportunity to say something to me. And all that about praying for me for ever is pure crap. In the first place, you had only a few hours left on earth to do that. And as for the great beyond… let us just suppose for a second that you are in heaven – there you can intercede for me directly, no prayers needed. In hell, on the other hand, where I think you are, you would get a good rap on your knuckles from old Lucifer if you should try to fold your hands in prayer on the rim of that cauldron. Even when you died and I was only seven I was not much impressed by the idea of those hands of yours clasped in prayer, trying for all the world to imitate Dürer’s engraving.
Today I possess more than these bits of rubbish. The legends about your pious and brave life have scattered like 27dust. Your sentence of death was a just one. Yes, I don’t wish away those terrifying final days, nights, hours and seconds before your death. You deserved them, if only to experience a tiny bit of the appalling fate that we Germans inflicted on so many, many millions of others.
Did your death serve any purpose?
In 1984 I, an anonymous customer, could have bought the following Hans Frank items from a Munich dealer in Nazi memorabilia: a white silk jacket with a red swastika woven into the upper part of one sleeve; a little watch (‘Hitler presented it to him personally’); an oil painting of a bunch of real sharp soldier boys on guard duty; your military ID card with a photograph from 1918 (you’re staring out of the picture, cheeks puffed out, ignorant of what the war is all about); another ID, this one from 1942, giving your permanent address as Fürth, oddly enough; and a guest book that clearly had nothing to do with you or your family. Everything together: 18,000 marks. ‘If you took that to the US to resell,’ the young salesman’s pitch went, ‘you’d make a huge profit – they’re nuts for stuff like that that belonged to famous Nazis.’ So, a group of Hans Frank relics is worth 18,000 marks in respectable circles, are they? If only Mother could have lived to see that!
But my greatest treasures from you are your statements. Statements you made in public. In front of educated Germans. Who applauded you for them. Sentences that I could repeat verbatim when I was a child, like: ‘After the war is over they can make mincemeat out of every Pole, as far as I’m concerned.’
Or this one: ‘If I were to have one poster printed for every seven Poles I’m going to have shot, all the trees in Poland couldn’t provide enough paper.’28
Now that sentence has a breathtaking élan about it; even something of a punchline, because it gets to the point by clever indirection. One can even sense the cultivated drama connoisseur behind it, the one who later actually recommended that his American interrogators read Schiller’s Intrigue and Love. The point of that, to be sure, was to provide those gentlemen (who would then be tutored in at least one of the German classic texts) with the background sufficient to appreciate how you had become the victim of the Nazi equivalent of Schiller’s villain, Secretary Wurm: Heinrich Himmler.
ABOUT GRANDPA AND THE PROTEIN SHOCK
There really were advantages to growing up in the Federal Republic as the son of a major Nazi war criminal. Your help was especially beneficial when it came to hitch-hiking. Who was it, after all, who had the first civilian cars after the war? Former Nazis, of course. They were the ones – you could feel their presence in the German state – who were still young in the years right after the surrender, the ones so full of the old Nazi piss and vinegar, people like you, forty-six and full of fight. From the moment somebody stopped to pick me up, my path to success was assured. All I had to say after a couple of kilometres was, ‘Do you happen to realise that I am the son of the Minister of the Reich without Portfolio and Governor General of Poland, executed at Nuremberg as a major war criminal?’
Even as a small child I was able to reel off your titles and as a teenager my success with them was still considerable. It wasn’t long before the driver indulged himself in glorious reminiscence (omitting all mention of his somewhat lesser crimes); for as a soldier, either on the march to the East or on the way back, he had crossed through your kingdom, through your Government General. Then came the inevitable moment I would be waiting for, the moment when his emotions would be deeply touched, when he lamented the unjust sentence that ended your life and said it was so 30obvious that I, skinny little fellow, was now so bereft and impoverished, and when you think how the English had bombed Dresden, and that he himself had seen how two SS men had dragged a wounded American GI out of the line of fire at Monte Cassino and taken him to a German doctor, and that really the Jews were to blame for what happened to them because it was true that everything
