Toxic Plants of North America E-Book

George E. Burrows

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 4372

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

Toxic Plants of North America, Second Edition is an up-to-date, comprehensive reference for both wild and cultivated toxic plants on the North American continent. In addition to compiling and presenting information about the toxicology and classification of these plants published in the years since the appearance of the first edition, this edition significantly expands coverage of human and wildlife--both free-roaming and captive--intoxications and the roles of secondary compounds and fungal endophytes in plant intoxications. More than 2,700 new literature citations document identification of previously unknown toxicants, mechanisms of intoxication, additional reports of intoxication problems, and significant changes in the classification of plant families and genera and associated changes in plant nomenclature. Toxic Plants of North America, Second Edition is a comprehensive, essential resource for veterinarians, toxicologists, agricultural extension agents, animal scientists, and poison control professionals.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

Chapter One: Introduction

OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF THE FIRST EDITION

OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF THE SECOND EDITION

COMPILATION OF INFORMATION

ORGANIZATION AND FORMAT

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Chapter Two: Adoxaceae E.Mey.

SAMBUCUS L.

Chapter Three: Agavaceae Endl.

AGAVE L.

NOLINA MICHX.

Chapter Four: Aloaceae Batsch

ALOE L.

Chapter Five: Amaranthaceae Juss.

AMARANTHUS L.

Chapter Six: Anacardiaceae Lindl.

ANACARDIUM L.

MANGIFERA L.

METOPIUM P.D.BR.

SCHINUS L.

TOXICODENDRON MILL.

GENERA WITH SPECIES OF QUESTIONABLE TOXICITY OR SIGNIFICANCE

Chapter Seven: Annonaceae Juss.

ASIMINA ADANS.

Chapter Eight: Apiaceae Lindl.

DISEASE PROBLEMS

DISEASE GENESIS

CLINICAL SIGNS

PATHOLOGY

TREATMENT

AETHUSA L.

AMMI L.

CICUTA L.

CONIUM L.

CYMOPTERUS RAF.

HERACLEUM L.

SPHENOSCIADIUM A.GRAY

GENUS WITH SPECIES OF QUESTIONABLE TOXICITY OR SIGNIFICANCE

Chapter Nine: Apocynaceae Juss.

APOCYNUM L.

ASCLEPIAS L.

CALOTROPIS R.BR.

CATHARANTHUS G.DON

CRYPTOSTEGIA R.BR.

NERIUM L.

PLUMERIA L.

STROPHANTHUS DC.

THEVETIA ADANS.

GENERA WITH SPECIES OF QUESTIONABLE TOXICITY OR SIGNIFICANCE

Chapter Ten: Aquifoliaceae Bartl.

ILEX L.

Chapter Eleven: Araceae Juss.

DISEASE PROBLEMS

DISEASE GENESIS

CLINICAL SIGNS

TREATMENT

ALOCASIA (SCHOTT) G.DON

ARISAEMA MART.

CALLA L.

DIEFFENBACHIA SCHOTT

EPIPREMNUM SCHOTT

MONSTERA ADANS.

PHILODENDRON SCHOTT

ZANTEDESCHIA SPRENG.

GENERA WITH SPECIES OF QUESTIONABLE TOXICITY OR SIGNIFICANCE

Chapter Twelve: Araliaceae Juss.

HEDERA L.

GENERA WITH SPECIES OF QUESTIONABLE TOXICITY OR SIGNIFICANCE

Chapter Thirteen: Asteraceae Martinov

ACROPTILON CASS.

AGERATINA SPACH

METABOLIC DISEASE: AGERATINA ALTISSIMA

RESPIRATORY DISEASE: AGERATINA ADENOPHORA

ARTEMISIA L.

BACCHARIS L.

BAILEYA HARV. & A.GRAY

CENTAUREA L.

FLOURENSIA DC.

GUTIERREZIA LAG.

HELENIUM L. & HYMENOXYS CASS.

HELIOMERIS NUTT.

HYMENOXYS

HYPOCHAERIS L.

ISOCOMA NUTT.

IVA L.

JACOBAEA

OXYTENIA NUTT.

PACKERA

PARTHENIUM L.

PICROTHAMNUS

PSATHYROTES A.GRAY

PSILOSTROPHE DC.

RUDBECKIA L.

SARTWELLIA A.GRAY

SENECIO L. & PACKERA Á.LÖVE & D.LÖVE

SOLIDAGO L.

TETRADYMIA DC.

VERBESINA L.

VIGUIERA

XANTHIUM L.

XYLORHIZA NUTT.

GENERA WITH SPECIES OF QUESTIONABLE TOXICITY OR SIGNIFICANCE

AMBROSIA L.

Chapter Fourteen: Berberidaceae Juss.

BERBERIS L.

MAHONIA

NANDINA THUNB.

PODOPHYLLUM L.

Chapter Fifteen: Boraginaceae Juss.

AMSINCKIA LEHM.

CYNOGLOSSUM L.

ECHIUM L.

HELIOTROPIUM L.

SYMPHYTUM L.

GENERA WITH SPECIES OF QUESTIONABLE TOXICITY OR SIGNIFICANCE

Chapter Sixteen: Brassicaceae Burnett

DISEASE PROBLEMS

DISEASE GENESIS

BERTEROA DC.

BRASSICA L.

DESCURAINIA WEBB & BERTHEL.

ERYSIMUM L.

SINAPIS L.

THLASPI L.

GENERA WITH SPECIES OF QUESTIONABLE TOXICITY OR SIGNIFICANCE

Chapter Seventeen: Calycanthaceae Lindl.

CALYCANTHUS L.

Chapter Eighteen: Campanulaceae Juss.

LOBELIA L.

Chapter Nineteen: Cannabaceae Endl.

CANNABIS L.

Chapter Twenty: Caprifoliaceae Juss.

LONICERA L.

GENUS WITH SPECIES OF QUESTIONABLE TOXICITY OR SIGNIFICANCE

Chapter Twenty-One: Caryophyllaceae Juss.

AGROSTEMMA L.

DRYMARIA WILLD. & SCHULT.

SAPONARIA L.

VACCARIA WOLF

Chapter Twenty-Two: Celastraceae R.Br.

CELASTRUS L.

EUONYMUS L.

Chapter Twenty-Three: Chenopodiaceae Vent.

DISEASE PROBLEMS

BASSIA ALL.

BETA L.

CHENOPODIUM L.

HALOGETON C.A.MEY.

KOCHIA ROTH

SALSOLA L.

SARCOBATUS NEES

SUCKLEYA A.GRAY

GENERA WITH SPECIES OF QUESTIONABLE TOXICITY OR SIGNIFICANCE

Chapter Twenty-Four: Convolvulaceae Juss.

CONVOLVULUS L.

IPOMOEA L.

GENUS WITH SPECIES OF QUESTIONABLE TOXICITY OR SIGNIFICANCE

Chapter Twenty-Five: Coriariaceae DC.

CORIARIA L.

Chapter Twenty-Six: Crassulaceae DC.

COTYLEDON L.

KALANCHOE ADANS.

GENERA WITH SPECIES OF QUESTIONABLE TOXICITY OR SIGNIFICANCE

Chapter Twenty-Seven: Cucurbitaceae Juss.

BRYONIA L.

CUCURBITA L.

MOMORDICA L.

GENUS WITH SPECIES OF QUESTIONABLE TOXICITY OR SIGNIFICANCE

Chapter Twenty-Eight: Cupressaceae Bartl.

CUPRESSUS L.

JUNIPERUS L.

Chapter Twenty-Nine: Cycadaceae L.

CYCAS L.

Chapter Thirty: Dennstaedtiaceae Ching

PTERIDIUM GLED. EX SCOP.

Chapter Thirty-One: Ebenaceae Gürke

DIOSPYROS L.

Chapter Thirty-Two: Equisetaceae Michx. ex DC.

EQUISETUM L.

Chapter Thirty-Three: Ericaceae Juss.

DISEASE PROBLEMS

DISEASE GENESIS

CLINICAL SIGNS

PATHOLOGY

TREATMENT

ANDROMEDA L.

EUBOTRYS

KALMIA L.

LEDUM

LEUCOTHOË D.DON & EUBOTRYS NUTT.

LYONIA NUTT.

MENZIESIA SM.

PIERIS D.DON

RHODODENDRON L.

Chapter Thirty-Four: Euphorbiaceae Juss.

DISEASE PROBLEMS

DISEASE GENESIS

ACALYPHA L.

ALEURITES J.R.FORST. & G.FORST. & VERNICIA LOUR. & REUTEALIS AIRY SHAW

CHAMAESYCE

CNIDOSCOLUS POHL

CROTON L.

EREMOCARPUS

EUPHORBIA L.

HIPPOMANE L.

HURA L.

JATROPHA L.

MANIHOT MILL.

MERCURIALIS L.

PHYLLANTHUS L.

REUTEALIS

REVERCHONIA

RICINUS L.

SAPIUM

STILLINGIA GARDEN EX L.

SYNADENIUM BOISS.

TRAGIA L.

TRIADICA LOUR.

VERNICIA

GENERA WITH SPECIES OF QUESTIONABLE TOXICITY OR SIGNIFICANCE

Chapter Thirty-Five: Fabaceae Lindl.

ABRUS ADANS.

ACACIA MILL.

ALBIZIA DURAZZ.

ASTRAGALUS L.

BAPTISIA VENT.

CAESALPINIA L.

CALIA

CANAVALIA DC.

CASSIA L.

CHAMAECRISTA (L.) MOENCH

CORONILLA

CROTALARIA L.

CYTISUS L. & GENISTA L. & SPARTIUM L.

ERYTHRINA L.

GALEGA L.

GENISTA

GLOTTIDIUM

GYMNOCLADUS LAM.

INDIGOFERA L.

LABURNUM FABR.

LATHYRUS L.

LEUCAENA BENTH.

LOTUS L.

LUPINUS L.

MEDICAGO L.

MELILOTUS MILL.

OXYTROPIS DC.

PISUM L.

PROSOPIS L.

ROBINIA L.

SECURIGERA DC.

SENNA MILL.

SESBANIA SCOP.

SOPHORA L. & CALIA TERÁN & BERLAND. & STYPHNOLOBIUM SCHOTT.

SPARTIUM

STYPHNOLOBIUM

THERMOPSIS R.BR. EX W.T.AITON

TRIFOLIUM L.

VICIA L.

WISTERIA NUTT.

GENERA WITH SPECIES OF QUESTIONABLE TOXICITY OR SIGNIFICANCE

Chapter Thirty-Six: Fagaceae Dumort

FAGUS L.

QUERCUS L.

Chapter Thirty-Seven: Fumariaceae L.

DISEASE PROBLEMS AND GENESIS

CORYDALIS DC.

DICENTRA BERNH.

FUMARIA L.

Chapter Thirty-Eight: Gelsemiaceae (G.Don) Struwe & V.A.Albert

GELSEMIUM JUSS.

Chapter Thirty-Nine: Ginkgoaceae Engl.

GINKGO L.

Chapter Forty: Hypericaceae Juss.

HYPERICUM L.

Chapter Forty-One: Iridaceae Juss.

GLADIOLUS L.

IRIS L.

GENUS WITH SPECIES OF QUESTIONABLE TOXICITY OR SIGNIFICANCE

Chapter Forty-Two: Juglandaceae A.Rich. ex Kunth

JUGLANS L.

Chapter Forty-Three: Juncaginaceae Rich.

TRIGLOCHIN L.

Chapter Forty-Four: Lamiaceae Martinov

GALEOPSIS L.

GLECHOMA L.

LAMIUM L.

PERILLA L.

SALVIA L.

STACHYS L.

GENUS WITH SPECIES OF QUESTIONABLE TOXICITY OR SIGNIFICANCE

Chapter Forty-Five: Lauraceae Juss.

CINNAMOMUM SCHAEFF.

PERSEA MILL.

GENERA WITH SPECIES OF QUESTIONABLE TOXICITY OR SIGNIFICANCE

Chapter Forty-Six: Liliaceae Juss.

ALLIUM L.

AMIANTHIUM A.GRAY

BOWIEA HARV. & HOOK.F.

COLCHICUM L.

CONVALLARIA L.

COOPERIA

FRITILLARIA L.

GLORIOSA L.

HEMEROCALLIS L.

HYACINTHOIDES HEIST. EX FABR.

HYACINTHUS L.

LILIUM L.

NARCISSUS L.

ORNITHOGALUM L.

TULIPA L.

URGINEA STEINH.

VERATRUM L.

ZEPHYRANTHES HERB.

ZIGADENUS MICHX.

GENERA WITH SPECIES OF QUESTIONABLE TOXICITY OR SIGNIFICANCE

Chapter Forty-Seven: Linaceae DC. ex Perleb.

LINUM L.

Chapter Forty-Eight: Malvaceae Juss.

ABUTILON MILL.

GOSSYPIUM L.

MALVA L.

MODIOLA MOENCH

GENERA WITH SPECIES OF QUESTIONABLE RISK OR SIGNIFICANCE

Chapter Forty-Nine: Meliaceae Juss.

MELIA L.

Chapter Fifty: Nitrariaceae Lindl.

PEGANUM L.

Chapter Fifty-One: Oleaceae Hoffmanns. & Link

LIGUSTRUM L.

GENERA WITH SPECIES OF QUESTIONABLE TOXICITY OR SIGNIFICANCE

Chapter Fifty-Two: Oxalidaceae R.Br.

OXALIS L.

Chapter Fifty-Three: Papaveraceae Juss.

DISEASE GENESIS

ARGEMONE L.

CHELIDONIUM L.

ESCHSCHOLZIA CHAM.

GLAUCIUM MILL.

PAPAVER L.

GENERA WITH SPECIES OF QUESTIONABLE TOXICITY OR SIGNIFICANCE

Chapter Fifty-Four: Phyllanthaceae Martinov

PHYLLANTHUS L.

REVERCHONIA

Chapter Fifty-Five: Phytolaccaceae R.Br.

PHYTOLACCA L.

Chapter Fifty-Six: Pinaceae Lindl.

PINUS L.

Chapter Fifty-Seven: Plantaginaceae Juss.

DIGITALIS L.

GENERA WITH SPECIES OF QUESTIONABLE TOXICITY OR SIGNIFICANCE

Chapter Fifty-Eight: Poaceae Barnhart

DISEASE PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH GRASSES

ACHNATHERUM P.BEAUV. & NASSELLA (TRIN.) E.DESV.

ANTHOXANTHUM L.

AVENA L.

CYNODON RICH.

FESTUCA

GLYCERIA R.BR.

HILARIA KUNTH

LOLIUM L.

PANICUM L.

PASPALUM L.

PENNISETUM RICH.

PHALARIS L.

SCHEDONORUS P.BEAUV.

SETARIA P.BEAUV.

SORGHASTRUM NASH

SORGHUM MOENCH

STIPA

TRITICUM L.

UROCHLOA P.BEAUV.

ZEA L.

GENERA WITH SPECIES OF QUESTIONABLE TOXICITY OR SIGNIFICANCE

Chapter Fifty-Nine: Polygonaceae Juss.

FAGOPYRUM MILL.

POLYGONUM L. & PERSICARIA (L.) MILL. & FALLOPIA ADAN.

RHEUM L.

RUMEX L.

Chapter Sixty: Primulaceae Vent.

ANAGALLIS L.

CYCLAMEN L.

PRIMULA L.

Chapter Sixty-One: Pteridaceae Rchb.

ASTROLEPIS D.M.BENHAM & WINDHAM

CHEILANTHES SW.

GENUS WITH SPECIES OF QUESTIONABLE TOXICITY OR SIGNIFICANCE

Chapter Sixty-Two: Ranunculaceae Juss.

ACONITUM L.

ACTAEA L.

ADONIS L.

CALTHA L.

DELPHINIUM L.

HELLEBORUS L.

RANUNCULUS L.

GENERA WITH SPECIES OF QUESTIONABLE TOXICITY OR SIGNIFICANCE

Chapter Sixty-Three: Rhamnaceae Juss.

FRANGULA MILL.

KARWINSKIA ZUCC.

RHAMNUS L.

Chapter Sixty-Four: Rosaceae Juss.

DISEASE PROBLEMS

DISEASE GENESIS

CLINICAL SIGNS

PATHOLOGY

TREATMENT

AMELANCHIER MEDIK.

CERCOCARPUS KUNTH

COTONEASTER MEDIK.

HETEROMELES M.ROEM.

MALUS MILL.

PHOTINIA LINDL.

PRUNUS L.

PYRACANTHA ROEM.

RHODOTYPOS SIEBOLD & ZUCC.

GENERA WITH SPECIES OF QUESTIONABLE TOXICITY OR SIGNIFICANCE

Chapter Sixty-Five: Rubiaceae Juss.

CEPHALANTHUS L.

Chapter Sixty-Six: Rutaceae Juss.

RUTA L.

THAMNOSMA TORR. & FRÉM.

ZANTHOXYLUM L.

Chapter Sixty-Seven: Sapindaceae Juss.

ACER L.

AESCULUS L.

BLIGHIA KOENIG

SAPINDUS L.

Chapter Sixty-Eight: Scrophulariaceae Juss.

MYOPORUM BANKS & SOL. EX G.FORST.

GENERA WITH SPECIES OF QUESTIONABLE RISK OR SIGNIFICANCE

Chapter Sixty-Nine: Solanaceae Juss.

DISEASE PROBLEMS

BRUGMANSIA PERS.

BRUNFELSIA L.

CAPSICUM L.

CESTRUM L.

DATURA L.

HYOSCYAMUS L.

LYCIUM L.

LYCOPERSICON

NICOTIANA L.

SOLANDRA (L.) SW.

SOLANUM L.

GENERA WITH SPECIES OF QUESTIONABLE TOXICITY OR SIGNIFICANCE

Chapter Seventy: Taxaceae A.Gray

TAXUS L.

Chapter Seventy-One: Thymelaeaceae Juss.

DAPHNE L.

DIRCA L.

PIMELEA BANKS & SOL. EX GAERTN.

Chapter Seventy-Two: Urticaceae Juss.

DISEASE PROBLEMS

DISEASE GENESIS

CLINICAL SIGNS

TREATMENT

LAPORTEA GAUDICH.

URTICA L.

Chapter Seventy-Three: Verbenaceae J.St.-Hil.

ALOYSIA PALAU

DURANTA L.

LANTANA L.

Chapter Seventy-Four: Viscaceae Batsch

PHORADENDRON NUTT.

Chapter Seventy-Five: Zamiaceae Horan.

DISEASE PROBLEMS

DISEASE GENESIS

CLINICAL SIGNS

PATHOLOGY

TREATMENT

CERATOZAMIA BRONG.

DIOÖN LINDL.

ZAMIA L.

Chapter Seventy-Six: Zygophyllaceae R.Br.

KALLSTROEMIA SCOP.

LARREA CAV.

TRIBULUS L.

Chapter Seventy-Seven: Families with Species of Questionable Toxicity or Significance

AIZOACEAE MARTINOV

ARECACEAE SCHULTZ SCH.

BALSAMINACEAE A.RICH.

BEGONIACEAE C.AGARDH

BIGNONIACEAE JUSS.

BUXACEAE DUMORT.

CACTACEAE JUSS.

CAPPARACEAE

CISTACEAE JUSS.

CLEOMACEAE BERCHT. & J.PRESL.

COMMELINACEAE R.BR.

CORNACEAE DUMORT.

CORYNOCARPACEAE ENGL.

CYPERACEAE JUSS.

DATISCACEAE DUMORT.

DROSERACEAE SALISB.

DRYOPTERIDACEAE HERTER

EPHEDRACEAE DUMORT.

GARRYACEAE LINDL.

GENTIANACEAE JUSS.

GERANIACEAE JUSS.

HAEMODORACEAE R.BR.

HYDRANGEACEAE DUMORT.

HYDROPHYLLACEAE R.BR.

JUNCACEAE JUSS.

LOGANIACEAE R.BR. EX MART.

LYTHRACEAE J.ST.-HIL.

MELIANTHACEAE BERCHT. & J.PRESL.

MENISPERMACEAE JUSS.

MENYANTHACEAE DUMORT.

MORACEAE LINK

MORINGACEAE DUMORT.

MYRTACEAE JUSS.

NYCTAGINACEAE JUSS.

ONOCLEACEAE PIC.SERM.

OROBANCHACEAE VENT.

PITTOSPORACEAE R.BR.

PLUMBAGINACEAE JUSS.

POLYGALACEAE R.BR.

PORTULACACEAE JUSS.

SANTALACEAE R.BR.

SIMAROUBACEAE DC.

TYPHACEAE JUSS.

VITACEAE JUSS.

Chapter Seventy-Eight: Identification of Toxic Plants

FLORISTIC TREATMENTS

NATURE OF A KEY

SUCCESSFUL USE OF A KEY

DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERS OF FAMILIES

Appendix A: Plant Taxa Listed by Their Principal Adverse Effects and Main Organs Affected

ANEMIA: HEMOLYTIC

BLINDNESS

CYSTITIS

GLOBUS PALLIDUS/SUBSTANTIA NIGRA NECROSIS

HAIR LOSS, SEVERE

HALLUCINATIONS

HEAD PRESSING/PACING/AIMLESS WALKING

HEMORRHAGE

HEPATIC: CRYSTALLOID CHOLANGIOHEPATOPATHY

HEPATIC: NECROSIS/FIBROSIS

LAMENESS/LAMINITIS/LIMB EDEMA

LIP/JAW MOVEMENT/EATING/DRINKING: ABNORMAL

MASTITIS

MOUTH DRY, PUPILLARY DILATION

RECTAL STRAINING/TENESMUS

RENAL

REPRODUCTIVE: DECREASED FERTILITY

REPRODUCTIVE: TERATOGENESIS

REPRODUCTIVE: WEAK NEONATES/STILLBIRTHS

RESPIRATORY DIFFICULTY: SEVERE

SALIVATION: ESPECIALLY PROFUSE

STRINGHALT-LIKE

VOMITING/RETCHING, PERSISTENT

Appendix B: Plants of Concern for Dogs, Cats, and Other Pets

Glossary

Index

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Burrows, George E. (George Edward), 1935–

 Toxic plants of North America / George E. Burrows, Ronald J. Tyrl. – 2nd ed.

p. cm.

 Includes bibliographical references and index.

 ISBN 978-0-8138-2034-7 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Poisonous plants–North America. I. Tyrl, Ronald J. II. Title.

 QK100.N6B87 2013

 581.6'59097–dc23

2012015386

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

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Chapter One

Introduction

We humans have an intimate relationship with the plants that surround us. We take them for granted as we use them for food, clothes, and shelter. We use them medicinally; indeed, more than one-third of our modern pharmacopoeia has its origins in plant products. We please our senses, decorate our living spaces, and express our feelings for one another with them. Plants are an essential part of many of our religious and social rites. Paradoxically, some of the plants we prize for these varied uses may also pose a threat to us or to our domesticated animals. Toxic plants are very much a part of our environment. Until their effects, ranging from mild irritation or discomfort to rapid death, become apparent, they are often ignored or simply overlooked. Because of their ubiquity, there is a need for a comprehensive treatment of toxic plants likely to be encountered in North America, north of the Tropic of Cancer, growing wild or cultivated. The first edition of this book was written in response to that need.

OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF THE FIRST EDITION

The objective of this undertaking was to write a comprehensive treatment of toxic plants that brought together the currently available information on (1) their morphology and distribution, (2) the disease problem or problems associated with them, (3) their toxicants and mechanisms of action, (4) the clinical signs and pathologic changes associated with their toxicity, and (5) the principal aspects of treatment. The perspective of the first edition was primarily veterinary science.

Compilation of the information presented in the first edition began in the 1980s as a series of articles for the Oklahoma Veterinarian and an agricultural extension publication, Poisonous Plants of Oklahoma and the Southern Plains. Well received, these publications dealt primarily with native plants and their toxicity for livestock. Initially, the present book was anticipated to do the same for the United States. Gradually, however, its scope and depth of coverage evolved—larger area, more plant families, and greater detail than first envisioned. These changes came about in part because of the increasing popularity of ornamental plants for both house and garden. There has been a corresponding increase in awareness of toxicity problems associated with some of them.

OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF THE SECOND EDITION

In the 11 years since publication of the first edition, a wealth of toxicologic information has been compiled—unknown toxicants identified, mechanisms of intoxication elucidated, and additional reports of problems published. In addition, there has been a corresponding increase in taxonomic knowledge with significant changes in the classification of plant families and genera and associated changes in nomenclature. Because of this almost exponential increase in our knowledge of toxic plants, work on a second edition was initiated in 2009.