"We Are Still Here" E-Book

Peter Iverson

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Serie: The American History Series
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 542

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

In addition to revisions and updates, the second edition of “We Are Still Here” features new material, seeing this well-loved American History Series volume maintain its treatment of American Indians in the 20th century while extending its coverage into the opening decades of the 21st century.

• Provides student and general readers concise and engaging coverage of contemporary history of American Indians contributed by top scholars and instructors in the field
• Represents an ideal supplement to any U.S. or Native American survey text
• Includes a completely up-to-date synthesis of the most current literature in the field
• Features a comprehensive Bibliographical Essay that serves to aid student research and writing
• Covers American Indian history from 1890 through 2013

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

The American History Series

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

Acknowledgments for the Second Edition

Introduction

Chapter 1: “We Indians Will Be Indians All Our Lives,” 1890–1920

Disappearing Peoples?

Education

Religions

Land

Identities

World War I

Chapter 2: Confronting Continuation, 1921–1932

Failed Policies

Collier and the Pueblo Indians

Rights, Opportunities, and Identity

Tourism and the Arts

Work, Community, and Government

Moving Toward Reform

Chapter 3: Initiatives and Impositions, 1933–1940

Collier's Perspective

Cultural Considerations

Education, Health Care, and Land Use

The Indian Reorganization Act

Alaska and Oklahoma

Land Bases and Recognition

Chapter 4: The War, Termination, and the Start of Self-Determination, 1941–1961

World War II and Its Consequences

The NCAI, the ICC, and Legal Representation

The Termination Era

Dimensions of Termination

Urban Migration and Relocation

Toward Self-Determination

Chapter 5: The Struggle for Sovereignty, 1962–1980

Restoration

Fishing Rights and the Growth of Activism

Lands and Recognition

Education and Economies

Rights and Restrictions

Writers, Musicians, and Artists

Chapter 6: “We Are All Indians,” 1981–1999

Native Identity

New Voices, New Images

Museums and Repatriation

Gaming

Communities

Rights

Economies and Education

Here to Stay

Chapter 7: “Much Work Remains to Be Done,” 2000–2013

The Museum on the National Mall

The

Cobell

Settlement

Evolving Relations

Indigenous and International

Community Well-Being

Education and Revitalization

Economies

Gaming

Recognition

Appendix: American Indian Communities

Bibliographical Essay

Bibliographies and General References

General Overviews

Journals and Newspapers

Tribal Histories

Histories of Confederacies, Groups, Regions, and Urban Indians

Biographies, Autobiographies, and Life Histories

Perceptions and Identity

Policy Histories and Indian–White Relations

Legal Status, Questions of Sovereignty, and Rights

Economy

Education

Health Care, Healing, and Religion

Literature, Expressive Culture, and Athletics

Index

End User License Agreement

Pages

x

xi

xii

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

140

141

142

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

150

151

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

163

164

165

166

167

168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

178

179

180

181

182

183

184

185

186

187

188

189

190

191

192

193

194

195

196

197

198

199

200

201

202

203

204

205

206

207

208

209

210

211

212

213

214

215

216

217

218

219

220

221

222

223

224

225

226

227

228

229

230

231

232

233

234

235

236

237

238

239

240

241

242

243

244

245

246

247

248

249

250

251

252

253

254

255

256

257

258

259

260

261

262

263

264

265

266

267

268

269

270

271

272

273

274

275

276

277

278

279

280

281

282

283

284

285

286

287

288

289

290

291

292

293

294

295

296

297

298

299

300

301

302

303

304

305

306

307

308

309

310

311

312

313

314

315

316

317

318

319

320

321

322

323

324

325

326

327

328

329

330

331

332

333

334

335

336

337

338

339

340

341

342

343

344

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Introduction

Begin Reading

List of Illustrations

Figure 1.1

Figure 1.2

Figure 1.3

Figure 2.1

Figure 2.2

Figure 3.1

Figure 3.2

Figure 4.1

Figure 4.2

Figure 5.1

Figure 5.2

Figure 6.1

Figure 6.2

Figure 7.1

Figure 7.2

The American History Series

Abbott, Carl

Urban America in the Modern Age: 1920 to the Present, 2d ed.

Aldridge, Daniel W.

Becoming American: The African American Quest for Civil Right, 1861–1976

Barkan, Elliott Robert

And Still They Come: Immigrants and American Society, 1920s to the 1990s

Bartlett, Irving H.

The American Mind in The Mid-Nineteenth Century, 2d ed.

Beisner, Robert L.

From the Old Diplomacy to the New, 1865–1900, 2d ed.

Blaszczyk, Regina Lee

American Consumer Society, 1865–2005: From Hearth to HDTV

Borden, Morton

Parties and Politics in the Early Republic, 1789–1815

Carpenter, Roger M.

“Times Are Altered with Us”: American Indians from Contact to the New Republic

Carter, Paul A.

The Twenties in America, 2d ed.

Cherny, Robert W.

American Politics in The Gilded Age, 1868–1900

Conkin, Paul K.

The New Deal

, 3d ed.

Doenecke, Justus D., and John E. Wilz

From Isolation to War, 1931–1941

, 3d ed.

Dubofsky, Melvyn

Industrialism and the American Worker, 1865–1920

, 3d ed.

Ferling, John

Struggle for a Continent: The Wars of Early America

Ginzberg, Lori D.

Women in Antebellum Reform

Griffin, C. S.

The Ferment of Reform, 1830–1860

Hess, Gary R.

The United States at War, 1941–45

, 3d ed.

Iverson, Peter, and Wade Davies

“We Are Still Here”: American Indians since 1890,

2d ed.

James, D. Clayton, and Anne Sharp

Wells

America and the Great War, 1914–1920

Kraut, Alan M.

The Huddled Masses: The Immigrant in American Society, 1880–19021

, 2d ed.

Levering, Ralph B.

The Cold War: A Post-Cold War History

, 2d ed.

Link, Arthur S., and Richard L. McCormick

Progressivism

Martin, James Kirby, and Mark Edward

Lender

A Respectable Army: The Military Origins of the Republic, 1763–1789

, 2d ed.

McCraw, Thomas K.

American Business Since 1920: How It Worked

, 2d ed.

McMillen, Sally G.

Southern Women: Black and White in the Old South

, 2d ed.

Neu, Charles E.

America's Lost War: Vietnam, 1945–1975

Newmyer, R. Kent

The Supreme Court under Marshall and Taney

, 2d ed.

Niven, John

The Coming of the Civil War, 1837–1861

O'Neill, William L.

The New Left: A History

Pastorello, Karen

The Progressives: Activism and Reform in American Society, 1893–1917

Perman, Michael

Emancipation and Reconstruction

, 2d ed.

Porter, Glenn

The Rise of Big Business, 1860–1920

, 3d ed.

Reichard, Gary W.

Politics as Usual: The Age of Truman and Eisenhower

, 2d ed.

Remini, Robert V.

The Jacksonian Era,

2d ed.

Riess, Steven A.

Sport in Industrial America, 1850–1920

, 2d ed.

Simpson, Brooks D.

America's Civil War

Southern, David W.

The Progressive Era and Race: Reaction and Reform, 1900–1917

Storch, Randi

Working Hard for the American Dream: Workers and Their Unions, World War I to the Present

Turner, Elizabeth Hayes

Women and Gender in the New South, 1865–1945

Ubbelohde, Carl

The American Colonies and the British Empire, 1607–1763

, 2d ed.

Weeks, Philip

Farewell My Nation: The American Indian and the United States in the Nineteenth Century

, 2d ed.

Wellock, Thomas R.

Preserving the Nation: The Conservation and Environmental Movements, 1870–2000

Winkler, Allan M.

Home Front U.S.A.: America during World War II

, 3d ed.

Wright, Donald R.

African Americans in the Colonial Era: From African Origins through the American Revolution

, 3d ed.

“We Are Still Here”

American Indians Since 1890

Second Edition

Peter Iverson

Arizona State University

Wade Davies

The University of Montana

This second edition first published 2015

© 2015 John Wiley & Sons Inc

Edition history: Harlan Davidson, Inc (1e, 1998)

Registered Office

John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

Editorial Offices

350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA

9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK

The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell.

The right of Peter Iverson and Wade Davies to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Iverson, Peter.

“We are still here” : American Indians since 1890 / Peter Iverson, Wade Davies. — Second edition.

pages cm

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-118-75158-9 (pbk.)

1. Indians of North America— History— 20th century. 2. Indians of North America— History— 21st century. 3. Indians of North America— Government relations. I. Davies, Wade, 1969- II. Title.

E77.I94 2015

970.004′97— dc23

2014011424

Cover image: A member of the Northern Arapaho Tribe from Wyoming at the opening of the National Museum of the American Indian in Washington, DC, 2004. AP Photo/Susan Walsh / Press Association Images

1 2015

To All Our Teachers

Acknowledgments for the Second Edition

When faced with a difficult assignment, Navajo leader Peterson Zah often will respond by saying, “Don't call it a problem, call it a challenge.” In both its initial and its revised version, “We Are Still Here” has certainly been a challenge. The first edition included a nearly endless list of names, as I attempted to thank people for their help. I remain grateful for the hundreds of people who have taught me through the years, but this time around, we thought it more appropriate to furnish a more concise sense of the forces that shaped this book.

Until quite recently American Indian histories focused almost entirely on loss and victimization. One should not ignore these elements, but at the same times students of the Indian past needed to pay more attention to adaptation and continuation. This book is one of a growing number of volumes that place greater emphasis on these elements. When I chose “We Are Still Here” as the title for the book, I had no idea how many museum exhibits, anthologies, and forms of public presentations would employ these four words for this purpose. Hundreds of people as teachers, staff, or students at Navajo Community College (now Diné College), the McNickle Center of the Newberry Library, the University of Wyoming, the Labriola Center of Hayden Library at Arizona State University, the Mansfield Library Archives and Special Collections at the University of Montana, Associated Press images, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Arizona Historical Society, Heard Museum, the Department of History and the American Indian Studies program at Arizona State University, and the Western History Association helped us to write this book. We greatly appreciate the careful reading and advice of two colleagues in Native American Studies at the University of Montana, Richmond Clow and David Beck. We also thank Georgina Coleby and Andrew Davidson for their friendship, guidance, and encouragement, and also thank the rest of the staff at Wiley Blackwell.

The first edition of this book has been well received but a second edition would not have appeared without the insight and imagination of Wade Davies. As a graduate student in American Indian history at Arizona State University, Wade was among those who first read the initial version of “We Are Still Here” in manuscript form. Together with other peers in the graduate program at that time, he offered ideas and suggestions that I incorporated in the book. Now Professor of Native American Studies at the University of Montana, he is one of several dozen doctoral students whom I directed or co-directed over the course of about 25 years at ASU. Wade wrote a new concluding chapter for this edition, updated the text and the bibliographical essay, and located several photographs. It has been a pleasure to work together on this project.

“We Are Still Here” is a work of synthesis. It is based in part on the written work of countless colleagues, whose writings and stories and memories have enriched what follows. Wade and I are honored to have had the opportunity to put together this book. We are pleased to dedicate it, with respect and gratitude, to all who have taught us about the power of memory, the meaning of place, the value of silence, and the importance of stories. Our dads introduced us to the life of the university and our mothers, teachers as well, have never been hesitant to provide counsel. Our spouses, our children, and our grandchildren continue to encourage us and to remind us each day about what is truly important. This edition is also dedicated to Madoc, and, as always, Kaaren and Colleen.

Peter Iverson and Wade DaviesTempe, Arizona, and Missoula, Montana

Introduction

This book begins with the tragedy of Wounded Knee. In another volume of the American History Series, Farewell My Nation: The American Indian and the United States in the Nineteenth Century (2nd ed., 2001), Philip Weeks employs the same event to start his analysis. Books such as Farewell My Nation, Robert Utley's The Last Days of the Sioux Nation (1963), and Dee Brown's Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee (1970) use Wounded Knee to mark the end of a long story. Until recently, for most students of American Indian history, Wounded Knee sounded the death knell of Native life within the United States. In the deaths of Lakota men, women, and children on the Pine Ridge Reservation in December 1890, the final chapter of the so-called “Indian wars” had been written, and Indians as identifiable peoples appeared destined for disappearance.

Indian communities endured great hardships and suffered enormous losses in the nineteenth century. And yet we can now perceive more clearly that the final years of the 1800s comprised a more complicated scenario than usually has been presented. The end of the nineteenth century witnessed the conclusion of warfare and the assignment of Indian nations to various reservations within the western portion of the lower forty-eight states. But for the Native peoples of the East, the Midwest, the South, and of Alaska, this era did not necessarily have the same meaning. Moreover, within the West the status of Indian peoples varied considerably. Some Indian communities had been removed far from their homelands. Some had been moved in order to share reservation lands with other Native groups, sometimes with those who had been their rivals. Other Indians were denied any land. Still others saw the size of their land base increase. These varied experiences and outcomes should remind us that Indian history is at once a national, regional, and local story.