D-Day E-Book

Stephen Hart

• Herausgeber: Amber Books Ltd
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 114

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2024

Beschreibung

“You are about to embark upon the Great Crusade, toward which we have striven these many months. The eyes of the world are upon you. The hope and prayers of liberty-loving people everywhere march with you.” – General Dwight D. Eisenhower, Order of the Day, June 6, 1944

By May 1944, more than 2.8 million Allied troops, with 4,000 American, British and Canadian ships, were amassed in southern England, waiting to cross the English Channel in the largest seaborne invasion of history. More that 1,200 planes stood ready to deliver specialist airborne troops behind enemy lines, to silence German ground resistance and destroy local infrastructure, and to dominate the skies of the battle theatre. D-Day provides a photographic exploration of this monumental military and political event that helped bring about the end of Nazi Germany’s four-year occupation of Europe. The book is divided into chapters covering the first days of the landings on the five beaches: Omaha, Utah, Gold, Juno and Sword; separate chapters cover the airborne landings of the famous American 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions and the British 6th Airborne, as well as the crucial help of French Resistance fighters in providing intelligence and disrupting German communications and supply lines.

Leseprobe

6 June 1944D-DAY

6 June 1944D-DAY

Over 180 photographs, including some rarely-seen images

Stephen Hart

This digital edition first published in 2024

Copyright © 2024 Amber Books Ltd

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of the copyright holder.

Published by Amber Books Ltd

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ISBN: 978-1-83886-538-2

Editor: Michael Spilling

Designer: Mark Batley

Picture research: Terry Forshaw

Contents

INTRODUCTION

PREPARATIONS

GERMAN DEFENCES

BEHIND ENEMY LINES

NEPTUNE: THE NAVAL OPERATION

THE AIRBORNE ASSAULT

THE AMERICAN BEACHES

THE BRITISH AND CANADIAN BEACHES

AFTERMATH

PICTURE CREDITS

Introduction

The name ‘D-Day’ rings out from the pages of history as one of the twentieth century’s most momentous days. Designated Operation Neptune/Overlord, D-Day was the common name for the 6 June 1944 Western Allied landings on the well-defended Normandy coast of German-occupied northern France. D-Day was the most important Western Allied operation of World War II in Europe. On that fateful day, the Allies launched the most ambitious amphibious assault seen up to that time. Neptune was the naval operation to transport and land the forces ashore, whereas Overlord involved the subsequent ground and airborne assaults. By the end of D-Day, 157,000 American, British and Canadian ground and airborne troops, plus 177 French commandos, had established major beachheads along the Normandy coast.

In hindsight, such success seemed likely, yet at the time many senior Allied commanders involved were very concerned that enemy resistance might thwart the invasion. The numerous Allied forces committed, the millions of hours of preparatory staff work and training undertaken, and the bravery of thousands of ordinary service personnel transformed the vast challenge that was D-Day into a successful operation. The initial triumph of establishing the Second Front locked Germany into a three-front attritional war – in France, Italy and the East – that would eventually, in May 1945, overwhelm the Nazi German Reich.

The Allied D-Day invasion plan, finalized in February 1944, set its objective as: to assault the Normandy coast and advance inland to secure as a base for future decisive operations a sizeable Lodgement Area, which by D+90 days would extend to the Loire and Seine rivers. On D-Day, a vast fleet of warships and troop transports would cross the Channel during night-time. Next, around dawn, the fleet would halt offshore opposite the five designated invasion beaches, code named from east to west: Sword, Juno, Gold, Omaha and Utah.

MEETING OF THE SURPEME COMMAND

The Allied High Command for D-Day consisted of (from left to right): Lt-Gen Omar Bradley; Admiral Bertram Ramsay; Air Chief Marshal Arthur Tedder; General Eisenhower; General Montgomery; Air Chief Marshal Trafford Leigh-Mallory; and Eisenhower’s Chief of Staff, Maj-Gen Walter Beddell Smith.

INVASION PLAN

In the final “Overlord” plan, the two American ground assault groupings departed from the southern ports of Cornwall, Devon and Dorset, while the three British/Canadian ones left from the harbours of Hampshire and Sussex.

By then, three Allied airborne divisions would have landed to secure the invasion’s flanks. Finally, after fierce aerial and naval bombardments, British and Canadian forces would land on Sword, Juno and Gold, while American units assaulted Omaha and Utah.

After these initial assaults had established five small beachheads, follow-up forces would advance inland. By midnight, the Allies hoped that their forces would have captured Caen and Bayeux, as well as consolidated the four eastern beachheads and the British airborne zone into a single salient.

INLAND POSITIONS

Allied troops, probably Canadians, collect water from the well of one the villages inland from the Normandy beaches during the expansion of the bridgehead on the afternoon of 6th June 1944.

These three beachheads would then be sufficiently resilient to withstand whatever countermeasures the enemy could muster.

PREPARATIONS

It was not until 1943 that the Western Allies began to grasp the vast array of preparations they would have to undertake in order to be in a position to contemplate launching a successful amphibious assault of German-occupied Northwest Europe. The mind-bogglingly extensive preparations that the Western Allies had to undertake fell into six main categories. The Allies had to: first, assemble over 2 million fully equipped troops, formed into many dozens of divisions, in southern England; second, decide the most appropriate location to mount the invasion (while successfully deceiving the enemy to expect it would be mounted elsewhere); third, create an appropriate command structure for this multinational tri-service (joint) force; fourth, develop specialized equipment and weaponry to overcome the defenders’ inherent combat advantages; fifth, systematically subject the French and Belgian railway network to aerial attack to undermine the German ability to resupply and reinforce their forces that defended the coast of Northwest Europe; and sixth, train many dozens of divisions in unit- and formation-level combined-arms combat.

AMERICAN REDEPLOYMENT

To meet the first requirement, the Western Allies had to redeploy from North America into the United Kingdom 1.3 million troops, and eventually assemble over 2 million troops in hundreds of camps located across central and southern England. Consequently, during 1943–44, hundreds of shipping convoys brought hundreds of thousands of American and Canadian troops, together with weapons and equipment, across the Atlantic to disembark at the UK ports of Belfast, Glasgow, Liverpool, Swansea, Cardiff, Bristol and Plymouth. Simultaneously, other British formations were shipped back from the Mediterranean theatre of war to the British Isles.

ON THE QUAYSIDE

With Landing Ship Tank (LST) US-134 in the background, during 1 June 1944 a US Army GMC CCKW 6x6 cargo truck, fitted with a Browning M2HB heavy machine gun, prepares for embarkation on to an unidentified LST.

FAMILY EVACUATION

During winter 1943–44, families had to evacuate their coastal homes around Slapton Sands in South Devon, England, so that the area – which bore some resemblance to the Normandy coast – could be used for US amphibious assault rehearsals.

DARTMOUTH HARBOUR

The American LST US-289 limps into Dartmouth Harbour, South Devon, after being torpedoed by a German S-boat fast attack craft during the April 1944 Exercise Tiger, the full-scale invasion rehearsal at Slapton Sands (80-G-K-2054).

ANTI-AIRCRAFT GUNS

At a military depot in southern England during spring 1944, 80 newly produced QF 40mm (1.57in) Mark III (“Bofors”) anti-aircraft guns await dispatch to units slated to participate in the D-Day landings.

Once physically located within the UK, these forces had gradually to be concentrated in southern England, and an enormous logistical infrastructure created to resupply them. Thus, by 1 June 1944, there were deployed across southern and central England some 2,034,500 ground force personnel allocated to Overlord, plus the sizeable allocated air force and naval contingents. Although the USA, Britain and Canada provided the bulk of these forces, they were augmented by many smaller contributions. These came from eight European governments in exile after German occupation (Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Greece, the Netherlands, Norway and Poland) as well as from the Dominions of Australia and New Zealand.

SELECTING A LANDING SITE

Second, the Allies had to select the best location from which to mount the invasion. Many factors influenced this choice – which the Allies eventually decided was Normandy – including: the nature of the enemy coastal defences; the width of the Channel; the cover that could be provided by aerial assets; the suitability of beach terrain; the ease of advance inland; the location of German mobile reserves; the ease of logistical resupply; and the wider geostrategic context.

PHOENIX CAISSONS

To increase the supplies delivered into Normandy, the Allies constructed two portable Mulberry harbours that included 136 floating reinforced-concrete Phoenix caissons, which were towed across the Channel and sunk to form these harbours’ breakwaters.

Having selected the Normandy coast as the location for the landings, the Allies then had to deceive the enemy into expecting it elsewhere. The Allied deception scheme sought to reinforce German misperceptions that the Allies would land at the Pas-de-Calais, where the Channel was at its narrowest. These deception efforts included: the creation of phantom units with dummy vehicles and equipment positioned in Kent under General Patton’s command; false intelligence “accidently” leaked to suspected German spies; and copious fake radio traffic. The ruse worked, with many German senior commanders continuing to believe that even after the D-Day landings had occurred, they were merely a feint to draw in German reserves before the “actual” invasion occurred around Calais.

FEEDING THE TROOPS

In an unidentified American military camp located somewhere in southwestern England on 22 May 1944, long lines of US soldiers, mess tins clutched in hands, queue to receive some welcome hot food.

MARCHING TO WAR

On 28 May 1944, a column of British Army soldiers march through an unidentified village street in southern England; they file past a female civilian who is resting her arms on a wheeled cart.

COMMAND STRUCTURE

Third, the Allies had to create an appropriate command hierarchy for what would be one of the most complex multinational joint combined-arms operations ever undertaken. As an interim measure, during 1943, the HQ of the Chief of Staff to Supreme Allied Commander (designate) – COSSAC, one Lt-Gen Frederick Morgan – did the initial invasion planning with the forces of the British 21st Army Group. Next, the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF) become operational at Bushy Park in London on 12 February 1944. SHAEF was an Anglo-American multinational tri-service HQ. Its commander – the Supreme Commander, Allied Expeditionary Force (SCAEF) – was the American General Dwight (Ike) Eisenhower. Despite his limited operational field command experience, Ike possessed the determination and diplomatic skills required to hold together this at times fragile multinational alliance. To soothe any such inter-Allied tensions, Eisenhower’s Deputy SCAEF was the British Air Chief Marshal Arthur Tedder. It was through the latter, moreover, that Ike directed the strategic aerial assets assigned to support (but not be subordinated to) Operation Overlord. These assets belonged to Lt-Gen Carl Spaatz’s US Strategic Air Forces Europe and Marshal of the Royal Air Force (RAF) Sir Arthur Harris’ Bomber Command.

THEATRE CHIEFS

Below Eisenhower and Tedder came the three senior service theatre chiefs. As Commander-in-Chief Allied Expeditionary Naval Force, the British Admiral Bertram Ramsay controlled Operation Neptune, the naval dimension of Overlord. As Commander-in-Chief, Allied Expeditionary Air Force, the British Air Chief Marshal Trafford Leigh-Mallory exercized command authority over the 4,176 tactical air platforms allocated to Overlord; these assets were deployed by either the US Ninth Air Force or the RAF’s 2nd Tactical Air Force.

3-D MAP

A group of military personnel and civil servants gather round a table on which is laid a large 3-dimensional map of the Normandy coastline that appears to have been produced using a thick rubber base sheet.

Finally, for D-Day itself and the initial land campaign, Eisenhower temporarily delegated his operational control of all ground forces to the British General Bernard Montgomery, commander of the British 21st Army Group. Montgomery, therefore, was in effect a temporary theatre land forces commander. For the Normandy campaign, the 21st Army Group controlled four subordinate army commands, each led by a Lieutenant-General: Miles Dempsey’s Second British Army; Omar Bradley’s First US Army (FUSA); Henry Crerar’s First Canadian Army; and George Patton’s Third US Army (TUSA). Dempsey’s and Bradley’s command were the assault forces, whereas Crerar and Patton’s armies were designated as follow-on forces.

SPECIALIZED LANDING CRAFT

Fourth, during 1942–44, the Allies also developed specialized troop-landing vessels and armoured fighting vehicles (AFVs) to increase the likelihood that the D-Day landings would succeed against strong enemy coastal defences. The Allies developed numerous new specialized troop-landing craft, including: Landing Craft, Control (LCC), to function as HQs; Landing Craft, Support (LCS) for fire support; and six Landing Barge variants including field kitchen and drinking-water carriers. In addition, the assault infantry needed mobile direct-fire AFVs to suppress or destroy the enemy’s bunkers. These specialized AFVs included the following vehicles: Duplex Drive (DD) amphibious Sherman tanks; Flail mine-clearing Shermans; US Sherman and British Churchill Crocodile flame-thrower tanks; British Churchill Armoured Vehicles Royal Engineers (AVREs); close support Centaur IVs; and mat-laying, dozer-bladed or fascine-laying Shermans.

TRANSPORTATION PLAN

Fifth, the Allies had to systematically degrade the railway system in France. Ongoing during 1943, these strikes were increased under the Transportation Plan. From 6 March to 10 June 1944, Allied strategic bombers attacked railway junctions, stations, signal boxes, marshalling yards, bridges and repair facilities. These attacks, augmented by Resistance sabotage, were hugely successful. During 6–10 June, 4,700 German trains were halted part-way on their journeys in France; crucially, not a single German military train managed to cross the Loire or Seine into the Normandy battle space.

SHERMAN DD TANK

This US Army Sherman DD (Duplex Drive) tank has been outfitted with a snorkel device on its intake and exhaust. This would allow the tank to operate in waves up to 0.3m (1ft) high. Such tanks were designed to propel through the water during the beach assault and provide fire support for the infantry, knocking out German fortified positions on landing. Of the 29 DD tanks launched in the first wave on Omaha Beach, 27 sank before reaching land.

SHERMAN CRAB FLAIL TANK

During a pre-invasion exercise, a Sherman Crab flail tank – with its turret turned rearwards – uses its rapidly rotating flail device to pound the ground, thus detonating any land mines there present.

FREE FRENCH FORCES

On 31 May 1944, female officers from the Free French Forces, armed with Thompson and Sten submachine guns, participate in weapons training during the final preparations for D-Day.

TRAINING

British infantry advance during training in May 1944. The central soldier carries a 7.69mm (0.303in) Bren Mark II Light Machine Gun, while the others each sport a Lee Short Magazine Lee Enfield Rifle Mark I No. 4.

COMBAT TRAINING