Smart Cities E-Book

Antoine Picon

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Serie: Architectural Design Primer
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 248

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

As cities compete globally, the Smart City has been touted as the important new strategic driver for regeneration and growth. Smart Cities are employing information and communication technologies in the quest for sustainable economic development and the fostering of new forms of collective life. This has made the Smart City an essential focus for engineers, architects, urban designers, urban planners, and politicians, as well as businesses such as CISCO, IBM and Siemens. Despite its broad appeal, few comprehensive books have been devoted to the subject so far, and even fewer have tried to relate it to cultural issues and to assume a truly critical stance by trying to decipher its consequences on urban space and experience. This cultural and critical lens is all the more important as the Smart City is as much an ideal permeated by Utopian beliefs as a concrete process of urban transformation. This ideal possesses a strong self-fulfilling character: our cities will become 'Smart' because we want them to.

This book opens with an examination of the technological reality on which Smart Cities are built, from the chips and sensors that enable us to monitor what happens within the infrastructure to the smartphones that connect individuals. Through these technologies, the urban space appears as activated, almost sentient. This activation generates two contrasting visions: on the one hand, a neo-cybernetic ambition to steer the city in the most efficient way; and on the other, a more bottom-up, participative approach in which empowered individuals invent new modes of cooperation. A thorough analysis of these two trends reveals them to be complementary. The Smart City of the near future will result from their mutual adjustment. In this process, urban space plays a decisive role. Smart Cities are contemporary with a 'spatial turn' of the digital. Based on key technological developments like geo-localisation and augmented reality, the rising importance of space explains the strategic role of mapping in the evolution of the urban experience. Throughout this exploration of some of the key dimensions of the Smart City, this book constantly moves from the technological to the spatial as well as from a critical assessment of existing experiments to speculations on the rise of a new form of collective intelligence. In the future, cities will become smarter in a much more literal way than what is often currently assumed.

Leseprobe

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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-1-119-07559-2 (paperback) 978-1-119-07560-8 (ebk) ISBN 978-1-119-07561-5 (ebk) 978-1-119-07562-2 (ebk)

Executive Commissioning Editor: Helen Castle Project Editor: Miriam Murphy Assistant Editor: Calver Lezama

Cover design, page design and layouts by Karen Willcox, www.karenwillcox.com Printed in Italy by Printer Trento Srl Cover image © Keiichi Matsuda

Acknowledgements

In a book like this one, exchanges have a special importance. I would like to thank here the individuals involved in digital and smart city development, colleagues and friends, whose input has been very helpful to me. I am indebted to Joëlle Bitton, Jean Daniélou, François Ménard, Dominique Lorrain, François and Manuel Gruson, Nikola Jankovic, Nashid Nabian, Nicolas Nova, Colin O'Donnel, Carlo Ratti, Molly Wright Steenson and Ornella Zaza for their information and ideas. Special thanks to Marie Veltz who has shared with me the abundant documentation that she has gathered on smart cities.

My research has been facilitated by a Canadian Centre for Architecture Senior Mellon Fellowship. I would like to thank here Maristella Casciato, Mirko Zardini and Phyllis Lambert, who have been instrumental in making my stay at the Canadian Centre for Architecture especially fruitful.

Abigail Grater has done a wonderful job translating my sometimes intricate French into English. At Wiley, Helen Castle's constant support has proved invaluable. Caroline Ellerby has played an essential role in gathering the illustrations, a process that has proved quite challenging at times.

My deepest gratitude goes to Virginie Picon-Lefebvre whose careful reading and insightful comments have been, as always, essential.

Contents

Acknowledgements

Introduction A New Urban Ideal

Spatialised Intelligence

Technology, Space and Politics

References

1 The Advent of the Smart City, from Flow Management to Event Control

Defining the Smart City

Self-Fulfilling Fictions

The Sentient and Sensory City

Massive Quantities of Data

What Happens

References

2 A Tale of Two Cities

Neocybernetic Temptation

The Cyborg-City Hypothesis

Spontaneous City, Collaborative City

The Digital Individual

References

3 Urban Intelligence, Space and Maps

Augmented Reality and Geolocation

Towards Three-Dimensional Urbanism

A New Relationship to Infrastructure

The Stakes of Representation

A New Aesthetic

Laboratories of Public Life in the Digital Age

References

Conclusion The Challenges of Intelligence

The Limits of All-Digital Solutions

The Necessary Diversification of Scenarios

Public/Private

From Event to History

References

Bibliography

Index

Picture Credits

EULA

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

IBM, infographic on ‘building a smarter city and state’, 2013

Aerial view of the Smart City Campus project, Barcelona, Spain, 2014

Looking at smartphones, Kivus, Democratic Republic of Congo, 2012

Human and iCub robot, Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et de Robotique (ISIR), Université de Paris VI, 2013

Henry Howe, 'Map of the Submarine Telegraph between America &Europe', 1858

Screenshot from 'Nokia City Lens', Nokia's augmented-reality application for its Lumia smartphones, 2013

Eric Fischer, map of New York with the location of pictures posted on Flickr by locals and tourists between 5 and 10 June 2010

Ari Ofsevit, map showing the speeds between the docking stations of the bike-sharing system Hubway in Boston, Massachusetts, 2012

IBM Rio de Janeiro Operations Center, 2014

OpenStreetMap mapping party at the Stamen Design office in San Francisco, 26 April 2014

Living PlanIT, concept plan for PlanIT Valley, Portugal, 2010

Living PlanIT, energy mix scheme for PlanIT Valley, Portugal, 2010

Cover of Albert Robida's

Le Vingtième siècle:

La Vie électrique

, Librairie Illustrée (Paris), 1892

Albert Robida,

Téléphonoscope,

from

Le Vingtième siècle: La Vie électrique

, 1892

Screenshot of the 'Foursquare' United States website, 2015

Screenshot of the 'Citizens Connect' application developed for the City of Boston, Massachusetts, 2015

Pervasive computing according to Siemens, 2004

An early Google Glass prototype, 2011

Screenshot of the 'Thingful' search engine, 2015