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- Herausgeber: r-ed
- Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
- Sprache: Englisch
The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark is proposed in full version, accompanied by conceptual maps and diagrams on the work and the author. Each act is accompanied by a summary note of the individual scenes. The set of these elements - maps, summaries, citations - offer synthetic tools for deepening and schematizing the work, especially for teaching and examination purposes.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2020
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Indice dei contenuti
The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark is proposed in full version, accompanied by conceptual maps and diagrams on the work and the author. Each act is accompanied by a summary note of the individual scenes. The set of these elements - maps, summaries, citations - offer synthetic tools for deepening and schematizing the work, especially for teaching and examination purposes.
INDEX
03 Dramatis personae
04 Act I
38 Act II
65 Act III
99 Act IV
129 Act V
159 Conceptual maps – Shakespeare
165 Conceptual maps - Hamlet
Dramatis Personae
Claudius, King of Denmark
Hamlet, son to the late, and nephew to the present king
Polonius, Lord Chamberlain
Horatio, friend to Hamlet
Laertes, son to Polonius
Voltimand, Cornelius, Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, Osric, a Gentleman, courtiers
A Priest
Marcellus, Barnardo, officers
Francisco, a soldier
Reynaldo, servant to Polonius
Players
Two Clowns, grave-diggers
Fortinbras, Prince of Norway
A Captain
English Ambassadors
Gertrude, Queen of Denmark and mother to Hamlet
Ophelia, daughter to Polonius
Lords, Ladies, Officers, Soldiers, Sailors, Messengers, and other Attendants
Ghost of Hamlet's Father
Scene: Denmark
ACT I
SUMMARY
ACT ONE, scene 1
At the castle of Elsinore in Denmark, the sentries Bernardo and Marcellus invited Horatio to join them to talk to him about the ghost that appeared to them the previous nights. For the two sentries, this is a bad omen that perhaps indicates the imminent invasion of the troops of Fortinbras, prince of Norway. Horace refuses to believe them until he sees the specter he identifies as the recently deceased King Hamlet appear. The ghost says nothing and disappears almost immediately. He reappears shortly after and seems about to speak when the crowing of the cock, which announces the dawn, forces him to disappear. Horace then decides to inform Hamlet of the incident.
ACT ONE, scene 2
In one of the halls of the castle, Claudius of Denmark brother of the deceased king and therefore Hamlet's uncle, speaks of his ascent to the throne, following the death of Hamlet's father, of his marriage to Gertrude, the widowed queen, and announces that to have written to the old king of Norway asking him to end the ambitions of his nephew Fortinbras who wants to recapture the lands lost by his father. He later turns to Laerte, son of his adviser Polonius, and gives him permission to return to Paris. He then turns to Hamlet and asks him about the reasons for his melancholy. He advises him to end his sadness, which he considers unreasonable, and asks him not to resume his studies at the University of Wittenberg. The queen combines her prayers with those of the king and Hamlet promises to do everything possible to obey them. After the departure of the king and his court, Hamlet, left alone, external all his sadness and indignation at the mother's new marriage, which took place just a month after the death of his father. Horace, Marcellus and Bernardo arrive. Horace reveals the appearance of the ghost to Hamlet and the prince decides to mount the guard with them on the same evening and speak to the ghost. For the first time Hamlet wonders about the real circumstances of his father's death and suspects treason and deception.
ACT ONE, scene 3
Laertesis preparing to leave for France. He warns his sister Ophelia against Hamlet's declarations of love. Even if Hamlet's feelings can be authentic, the latter remains a prince and therefore not free to marry whoever he wants. Polonius arrives, who lavishes advice on Laertes, then asks Ophelia to avoid Hamlet. Ophelia promises to obey him.
ACT ONE, scene 4
Hamlet, Horace and Marcellus await the appearance of the ghost on the castle grounds. Hearing the echoes of the celebrations given by the new king at the castle of Elsinore, Hamlet comments on the reputation of drunkards acquired by the Danes: a natural inclination in a people or an individual can often "spoil the noblest substance". The ghost appears and Hamlet begs him to speak. The ghost beckons him to follow him and Hamlet accepts, disregarding the advice of his companions.
ACT ONE, scene 5
The ghost claims to be the spirit of his father who has returned to earth to order him to avenge him. He confesses to Hamlet that he was murdered by his uncle Claudius, who, taking advantage of sleep, poured a deadly poison into his ears. After making his crime, Claudius made everyone believe that the old king had been stung by a snake. Hamlet father, killed in this way without being able to repent of his sins, is now doomed to err in the circles of Purgatory. He therefore asks Hamlet to punish his murderer and incestuous brother but not to hurt the mother who will always and in any case be prey to the remorse of conscience. The specter disappears. Horace and Marcellus arrive. Hamlet pretends indifference and makes them swear three times to reveal nothing of the apparition of this night. At each time, the ghost, now invisible, shouts "Swear!" Finally, they swear to reveal nothing and leave nothing to be understood even if the conduct of Hamlet seems strange and singular to them.
SCENE I. Elsinore. A platform before the castle.
FRANCISCO at his post. Enter to him BERNARDO
BERNARDO
Who's there?
FRANCISCO
Nay, answer me: stand, and unfold yourself.
BERNARDO
Long live the king!
FRANCISCO
Bernardo?
BERNARDO
He.
FRANCISCO
You come most carefully upon your hour.
BERNARDO
'Tis now struck twelve; get thee to bed, Francisco.
FRANCISCO
For this relief much thanks: 'tis bitter cold, And I am sick at heart.
BERNARDO
Have you had quiet guard?
FRANCISCO
Not a mouse stirring.
BERNARDO
Well, good night. If you do meet Horatio and Marcellus, The rivals of my watch, bid them make haste.
FRANCISCO
I think I hear them. Stand, ho! Who's there?
Enter HORATIO and MARCELLUS
HORATIO
Friends to this ground.
MARCELLUS
And liegemen to the Dane.
FRANCISCO
Give you good night.
MARCELLUS
O, farewell, honest soldier: Who hath relieved you?
FRANCISCO
Bernardo has my place. Give you good night.
Exit
MARCELLUS
Holla! Bernardo!
BERNARDO
Say, What, is Horatio there?
HORATIO
A piece of him.
BERNARDO
Welcome, Horatio: welcome, good Marcellus.
MARCELLUS
What, has this thing appear'd again to-night?
BERNARDO
I have seen nothing.
MARCELLUS
Horatio says 'tis but our fantasy, And will not let belief take hold of him Touching this dreaded sight, twice seen of us: Therefore I have entreated him along With us to watch the minutes of this night; That if again this apparition come, He may approve our eyes and speak to it.
HORATIO
Tush, tush, 'twill not appear.
BERNARDO
Sit down awhile; And let us once again assail your ears, That are so fortified against our story What we have two nights seen.
HORATIO
Well, sit we down, And let us hear Bernardo speak of this.
BERNARDO
Last night of all, When yond same star that's westward from the pole Had made his course to illume that part of heaven Where now it burns, Marcellus and myself, The bell then beating one,--
Enter Ghost
MARCELLUS
Peace, break thee off; look, where it comes again!
BERNARDO
In the same figure, like the king that's dead.
MARCELLUS
Thou art a scholar; speak to it, Horatio.
BERNARDO
Looks it not like the king? mark it, Horatio.
HORATIO
Most like: it harrows me with fear and wonder.
BERNARDO
It would be spoke to.
MARCELLUS
Question it, Horatio.
HORATIO
What art thou that usurp'st this time of night, Together with that fair and warlike form In which the majesty of buried Denmark Did sometimes march? by heaven I charge thee, speak!
MARCELLUS
It is offended.
BERNARDO
See, it stalks away!
HORATIO
Stay! speak, speak! I charge thee, speak!
Exit Ghost
MARCELLUS
'Tis gone, and will not answer.
BERNARDO
How now, Horatio! you tremble and look pale: Is not this something more than fantasy? What think you on't?
HORATIO
Before my God, I might not this believe Without the sensible and true avouch Of mine own eyes.
MARCELLUS
Is it not like the king?
HORATIO
As thou art to thyself: Such was the very armour he had on When he the ambitious Norway combated; So frown'd he once, when, in an angry parle, He smote the sledded Polacks on the ice. 'Tis strange.
MARCELLUS
Thus twice before, and jump at this dead hour, With martial stalk hath he gone by our watch.
HORATIO
In what particular thought to work I know not; But in the gross and scope of my opinion, This bodes some strange eruption to our state.
MARCELLUS
Good now, sit down, and tell me, he that knows, Why this same strict and most observant watch So nightly toils the subject of the land, And why such daily cast of brazen cannon, And foreign mart for implements of war; Why such impress of shipwrights, whose sore task Does not divide the Sunday from the week; What might be toward, that this sweaty haste Doth make the night joint-labourer with the day: Who is't that can inform me?
HORATIO
That can I; At least, the whisper goes so. Our last king, Whose image even but now appear'd to us, Was, as you know, by Fortinbras of Norway, Thereto prick'd on by a most emulate pride, Dared to the combat; in which our valiant Hamlet-- For so this side of our known world esteem'd him-- Did slay this Fortinbras; who by a seal'd compact, Well ratified by law and heraldry, Did forfeit, with his life, all those his lands Which he stood seized of, to the conqueror: Against the which, a moiety competent Was gaged by our king; which had return'd To the inheritance of Fortinbras, Had he been vanquisher; as, by the same covenant, And carriage of the article design'd, His fell to Hamlet. Now, sir, young Fortinbras, Of unimproved mettle hot and full, Hath in the skirts of Norway here and there Shark'd up a list of lawless resolutes, For food and diet, to some enterprise That hath a stomach in't; which is no other-- As it doth well appear unto our state-- But to recover of us, by strong hand And terms compulsatory, those foresaid lands So by his father lost: and this, I take it, Is the main motive of our preparations, The source of this our watch and the chief head Of this post-haste and romage in the land.
BERNARDO
I think it be no other but e'en so: Well may it sort that this portentous figure Comes armed through our watch; so like the king That was and is the question of these wars.
HORATIO
A mote it is to trouble the mind's eye. In the most high and palmy state of Rome, A little ere the mightiest Julius fell, The graves stood tenantless and the sheeted dead Did squeak and gibber in the Roman streets: As stars with trains of fire and dews of blood, Disasters in the sun; and the moist star Upon whose influence Neptune's empire stands Was sick almost to doomsday with eclipse: And even the like precurse of fierce events, As harbingers preceding still the fates And prologue to the omen coming on, Have heaven and earth together demonstrated Unto our climatures and countrymen.-- But soft, behold! lo, where it comes again!
Re-enter Ghost
I'll cross it, though it blast me. Stay, illusion! If thou hast any sound, or use of voice, Speak to me: If there be any good thing to be done, That may to thee do ease and grace to me, Speak to me:
Cock crows
If thou art privy to thy country's fate, Which, happily, foreknowing may avoid, O, speak! Or if thou hast uphoarded in thy life Extorted treasure in the womb of earth, For which, they say, you spirits oft walk in death, Speak of it: stay, and speak! Stop it, Marcellus.
MARCELLUS
Shall I strike at it with my partisan?
HORATIO
Do, if it will not stand.
BERNARDO
'Tis here!
HORATIO
'Tis here!
MARCELLUS
'Tis gone!
Exit Ghost
We do it wrong, being so majestical, To offer it the show of violence; For it is, as the air, invulnerable, And our vain blows malicious mockery.
BERNARDO
It was about to speak, when the cock crew.
HORATIO
And then it started like a guilty thing Upon a fearful summons. I have heard, The cock, that is the trumpet to the morn, Doth with his lofty and shrill-sounding throat Awake the god of day; and, at his warning, Whether in sea or fire, in earth or air, The extravagant and erring spirit hies To his confine: and of the truth herein This present object made probation.
MARCELLUS
It faded on the crowing of the cock. Some say that ever 'gainst that season comes Wherein our Saviour's birth is celebrated, The bird of dawning singeth all night long: And then, they say, no spirit dares stir abroad; The nights are wholesome; then no planets strike, No fairy takes, nor witch hath power to charm, So hallow'd and so gracious is the time.
HORATIO
So have I heard and do in part believe it. But, look, the morn, in russet mantle clad, Walks o'er the dew of yon high eastward hill: Break we our watch up; and by my advice, Let us impart what we have seen to-night Unto young Hamlet; for, upon my life, This spirit, dumb to us, will speak to him. Do you consent we shall acquaint him with it, As needful in our loves, fitting our duty?
MARCELLUS
Let's do't, I pray; and I this morning know Where we shall find him most conveniently.
Exeunt
SCENE II. A room of state in the castle.
Enter KING CLAUDIUS, QUEEN GERTRUDE, HAMLET, POLONIUS, LAERTES, VOLTIMAND, CORNELIUS, Lords, and Attendants
KING CLAUDIUS
Though yet of Hamlet our dear brother's death The memory be green, and that it us befitted To bear our hearts in grief and our whole kingdom To be contracted in one brow of woe, Yet so far hath discretion fought with nature That we with wisest sorrow think on him, Together with remembrance of ourselves. Therefore our sometime sister, now our queen, The imperial jointress to this warlike state, Have we, as 'twere with a defeated joy,-- With an auspicious and a dropping eye, With mirth in funeral and with dirge in marriage, In equal scale weighing delight and dole,-- Taken to wife: nor have we herein barr'd Your better wisdoms, which have freely gone With this affair along. For all, our thanks. Now follows, that you know, young Fortinbras, Holding a weak supposal of our worth, Or thinking by our late dear brother's death Our state to be disjoint and out of frame, Colleagued with the dream of his advantage, He hath not fail'd to pester us with message, Importing the surrender of those lands Lost by his father, with all bonds of law, To our most valiant brother. So much for him. Now for ourself and for this time of meeting: Thus much the business is: we have here writ To Norway, uncle of young Fortinbras,-- Who, impotent and bed-rid, scarcely hears Of this his nephew's purpose,--to suppress His further gait herein; in that the levies, The lists and full proportions, are all made Out of his subject: and we here dispatch You, good Cornelius, and you, Voltimand, For bearers of this greeting to old Norway; Giving to you no further personal power To business with the king, more than the scope Of these delated articles allow. Farewell, and let your haste commend your duty.
CORNELIUSVOLTIMAND
In that and all things will we show our duty.
KING CLAUDIUS
We doubt it nothing: heartily farewell.
Exeunt VOLTIMAND and CORNELIUS
And now, Laertes, what's the news with you? You told us of some suit; what is't, Laertes? You cannot speak of reason to the Dane, And loose your voice: what wouldst thou beg, Laertes, That shall not be my offer, not thy asking? The head is not more native to the heart, The hand more instrumental to the mouth, Than is the throne of Denmark to thy father. What wouldst thou have, Laertes?
LAERTES
My dread lord, Your leave and favour to return to France; From whence though willingly I came to Denmark, To show my duty in your coronation, Yet now, I must confess, that duty done, My thoughts and wishes bend again toward France And bow them to your gracious leave and pardon.
KING CLAUDIUS
Have you your father's leave? What says Polonius?
LORD POLONIUS
