Fidel Castro E-Book

Clive Foss

• Herausgeber: The History Press
• Kategorie: Sachliteratur, Reportagen, Biografien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 180

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2016

Beschreibung

Fidel Castro was a dynamic and charismatic leader, who led Cuba through success and failures from 1959. Son of a rich landowner, he became a radical revolutionary who attempted to overthrow the government in 1956 with a tiny band of followers. Using propaganda and subversion as much as sudden attacks from his mountain hideout, he gained victory in 1959. He liberated his country from one dictator and the overwhelming influence of the United States, only to turn it into another dictatorship firmly under the control and patronage of the Soviet Union. The failure of the American attack at the Bay of Pigs in 1961 added to his reputation, while the missile crisis of 1962 put Cuba right at the centre of the Cold War. Later, by sending his army to Africa and supporting guerrilla movements in Latin America, he made Cuba a signficant player on the world stage. Despite many attempts to remove him and the economic collapse of the USSR, Castro survived and in 1999, celebrated 40 years of his regime.

Leseprobe

FIDEL CASTRO

FIDEL CASTRO

CLIVE FOSS

This book was first published in 2000 by

Sutton Publishing Limited

This new revised edition first published in 2006

This ebook edition first published in 2016 by

The History Press

The Mill, Brimscombe Port

Stroud, Gloucestershire, GL5 2QG

www.thehistorypress.co.uk

All rights reserved

© Clive Foss, 2006

The right of Clive Foss to be identified as the Author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyrights, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

This ebook is copyright material and must not be copied, reproduced, transferred, distributed, leased, licensed or publicly performed or used in any way except as specifically permitted in writing by the publishers, asallowed under the terms and condition under which it was purchased or as strictly permitted by applicable copyright law. Any unauthorised distribution or use of this text may be a direct infringement of the author’s and publisher’s rights, and those responsible may be liable in law accordingly.

ISBN 978 0 7524 7077 1

Original typesetting by Sutton Publishing Limited

eBook converted by Geethik Technologies

Contents

Chronology

Introduction

Preface to the Second Edition

1 Growing Up Cuban, 1926–1945

2 The Rising Politician, 1945–1952

3 The Rebel, 1952–1956

4 The Hero, 1956–1958

5 Transforming Cuba, 1959–1960

6 Experiments in Revolution, 1961–1970

7 Moscow’s Man in Havana, 1970–1989

8 Staying Afloat, 1990–1999

9 Into the Future, 2000–2005

Bibliography

Chronology

1926

13 August. Fidel Castro born on his father’s estate, fifth of nine children

1945–1950

Studies law at Havana University

1947

Joins new Ortodoxo party

1948

April. Participates in revolution in Bogota

1949

12 October. Marries Mirta Díaz-Balart; divorced in December 1954

1952

10 March. Fulgencio Batista seizes power in a coup

1953

26 July. Leads attack on Moncada Barracks in Santiago

October–1955 May. In jail in Isle of Pines

1955

July–1956 December. In exile in Mexico

1956

2 December. Lands in Cuba in yacht Granma.

1957

17 January. First rebel victory at La Plata

17 February. Herbert Matthews interviews Fidel in Sierra

1958

May–August. Unsuccessful army attack on rebels in Sierra Maestra

31 December. Batista flees Cuba

1959

2 January. Fidel’s victory speech in Santiago; arrives in Havana on 8 January

13 February. Becomes prime minister

April. Visits United States

8 May. Announces agrarian reform

17 July. Deposes president Urrutia

1960

September. Addresses UN; meets Khrushchev

18 October. US breaks diplomatic relations; trade embargo begins next day

1961

17 April. US-backed Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs; swiftly defeated

12 December. Announces that he is a Marxist-Leninist

1962

22–28 October. Missile crisis

1963

April. Warmly received in Soviet Union

1967

8 October. Che Guevara killed in Bolivia

1968

March. Small businesses closed

1970

Ten Million Ton harvest

1971

November. Visits Chile as guest of Salvador Allende

1972

May–June. Visits Africa, Eastern Europe and Soviet Union

1975

November. Cuban troops enter fighting in Angola; stay 13 years

December. First Congress of Cuban Communist Party; new constitution announced

1977

February. Visits Angola, Somalia and Ethiopia

1979

August. Presides over Non-aligned Nations meeting in Havana

1980

April. Mass exodus of dissidents from port of Mariel

1988

April. Cuban troops leave Angola

1989

June. Trial and execution of Gen. Ochoa, accused of participating in drug traffic

1991

End of Soviet subsidies; beginning of Special Period in Cuba

1992

August. Riots in Havana; thousands leave on makeshift rafts

1993

July. Announces economic reforms. Legalizes use of dollars

1996

February. Helms-Burton bill tightens restrictions on Cuba

1998

January. Pope John Paul II visits Cuba

1999

February. Tough law against dissidence

November. Six year old Elián Gonzalez rescued at sea; Fidel demands his return.

2000

October. Visits Hugo Chávez in Venezuela

2001

March. Beginning of Varela Project which eventually gets 11,000 signatures in favor of democracy

2003

March. Arrests 75 leading dissidents; international outcry

October. President Bush establishes Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba

2004

October. Ends legal circulation of dollars

2006

August. Fidel’s 80th birthday

Introduction

Fidel Castro is one of the best-known and most enduring of the world leaders. Among major rulers, only the Queen of England has held office longer. Since 1959, Castro has controlled the destiny of Cuba. His universally recognised beard and army fatigues, symbols of the Revolution he led, inspired radicals and revolutionaries who continue to admire him. Others consider him a dictator and a relentless tyrant. Hardly anyone is neutral.

Fidel (as he is universally known) is a man of stupendous abilities and energy. Tall and powerfully built, he is an accomplished sportsman, equally skilled in baseball, basketball, scuba diving and deep-sea fishing. He led a guerrilla war in steep, trackless mountains. He sleeps very little, is constantly on the move, gives innumerable speeches and has written millions of words. He is even a gourmet cook. His prodigious memory and rapid powers of analysis enable him to master virtually any subject and to talk about it for hours. He successfully mobilised world opinion and became an international statesman. Few leaders share his all-round abilities, and few have ever made such a small country the centre of world attention.

Castro has been the subject of hundreds of books, articles and interviews, and yet he remains an enigma. He resolutely guards his private life and presides over a system that tightly controls the flow of information. His long reign over his country makes it difficult to separate Fidel the man from Castro the ruler, and his own life from the history of contemporary Cuba.

This short volume attempts to present a basic outline, from his rustic origins, through his studies and political activities in Havana, to his revolutionary leadership, and the triumph that allowed him to make fundamental changes, moving Cuba in a new direction, replacing American dominance with communism. In the process, he became a pivotal figure in the Cold War, and a leader of the Third World. Finally, he has managed to keep his country and its system going despite unparalleled economic catastrophes.

I have tried to tell Fidel’s story more than Cuba’s but the two are inextricably intertwined. Since he is still in power, no final judgement is possible. History may view him as a revolutionary hero who spread the idea of liberation through the world, or an ossified despot who transformed one of the richest countries of Latin America into one of the poorest. Most likely, he combines the elements of both.

Mina Marefat read the manuscript with intricate care, and Ken Brociner provided detailed criticisms; both saved it from many errors and infelicities. William MacDonald and Ubaldo Huerta made many helpful suggestions. In Havana, Silvia Orta’s tireless efforts opened doors; Mélida Jordán and a group of Moncada veterans brought the Revolution to life. My thanks to them all, and to Cuba itself whose places and people inspired the pages that follow.

Preface to the Second Edition

Cuba has not fundamentally changed since this work appeared in 1999. If anything, the economy has improved, while political freedom remains an ever-growing ideal, though not a reality. As he approaches his eightieth birthday (August 2006), Fidel dominates the scene as much as ever. His energies may have slowed, but he is still capable of leading demonstrations and giving astonishingly long speeches, filled with the details his unfailing memory commands. He still runs a country that defies the colossus to its north and maintains a real independence. Dictator or hero, or both, his presence is still overwhelming.

I am grateful to Sutton Publishing for the opportunity to bring this little book up to date, and to add some flesh to the bare bones of the first edition. Changes affect every chapter especially Four, where I have attempted to redress the balance between the activities of Plain and Mountain.

My thanks go once again to the people of Cuba, to Ken Brociner for his comments, to Jack Womack for helpful references, and to a well-informed friend in Havana who prefers to remain nameless.

ONE

Growing up Cuban

1926-1945

Fidel Castro, who brought communism to Cuba, was the son of a very rich man. The house where he was born stands in lush rolling country about ten miles from the sea, in Birán, in the eastern part of the island. This massive wooden structure was untypically built on piles so the cattle, pigs and chickens could stay on the ground level, while the family occupied the upper floors. Broad verandas, big salons and several bedrooms made it airy and comfortable. A separate wing served for conducting business and paying the workers, for this was the centre of an active estate. Beside the mansion were a large store, butcher shop, post office, and hotel, along the road that led from the coast to Santiago, metropolis of Cuba’s Oriente province. The complex also included a small schoolhouse and shacks for the immigrant workers, while a pit for cockfights provided entertainment. There was neither church nor priest; the people were nominally Christian, but many followed Santería, a mixture of African religions and Catholicism.

All this was the work of Angel Castro, who left the impoverished northwest of Spain in 1898 to fight with the Spanish army against the Cuban revolution. After the war, he stayed on in Cuba, first peddling lemonade, then working on the railroad. He eventually bought a lumber mill and leased land from the powerful American United Fruit Company. He wound up controlling a vast tract of 25,000 acres, much of it planted in sugar processed by a nearby American mill. The estate ran its own narrow gauge-railway to the mill. At harvest time, it employed 600 laborers. Angel Castro became one of the biggest landowners in Oriente, the roughest part of Cuba, where the writ of the government hardly ran. Violence and gunfire were not unusual; Angel paid for a detachment of rural guards to protect his property. Locals like him or the toughs of United Fruit maintained such order as there was, for this was the region most subject to American influence.

The war that Angel had joined led to Cuban independence, but not in a form the rebels had envisioned. In 1898, after bitter fighting had gone on for three years, the United States intervened, defeated the Spaniards, and liberated the country. Its most dramatic moment was the charge of the Rough Riders which the aspiring politician Theodore Roosevelt led up San Juan Hill outside Santiago. For Americans, the Spanish-American War was a heroic action, freeing Spain’s last colony in the New World, but many Cubans thought the revolution had been snatched from their hands, with a new master replacing the old. After four years of US military occupation, Cuba finally gained independence in 1902, but with an important qualification. The Platt Amendment to the Cuban constitution allowed the Americans to intervene as necessary to ensure stability. They intervened militarily and politically well into the 1920s. As a result, Cuban nationalism became strongly anti-American. Its great hero and theoretician, José Martí, who was killed early in the war, had already voiced his suspicions of his powerful neighbor’s intentions.

A vast influx of American investment followed the war, whose ferocity and devastation had ruined the Cuban land-owning aristocracy. American companies took over the railways, public utilities and Cuba’s greatest industry, sugar. A tropical country with few natural resources, Cuba was ideally suited for producing sugar, which was grown on huge estates and demanded heavy investment in mills and distribution systems. Money and industrial products naturally came from the United States, only ninety miles away. By the time Fidel was born, US interests controlled ⅔ of Cuban agriculture. Oriente province, in particular, was dominated by the mills and model American-style towns of United Fruit from whom Angel Castro derived most of his wealth.

Angel married a schoolteacher who bore him two children, Pedro Emilio and Lidia, but his attention soon shifted to a young housemaid, Lina Ruz, who produced seven more: Angela, Ramón, Fidel, Raúl, Juana, Emma and Agustina. Some time after the birth of the first three, Angel married Lina. Illegitimacy carried no stigma in this society where formal marriages were rather a luxury. Lina, who was barely literate, turned out to be shrewd and canny, a good manager for the family and its establishment.

Fidel Castro was born at Birán on 13 August 1926 and named for an influential local politician, a lifetime friend and business associate of Angel. Despite the family’s wealth, he grew up in a rustic and unsophisticated atmosphere. Literature and art had no role here; the house did not have electricity; there were no motor vehicles on the estate. Angel Castro, a frugal and tough, even ferocious master, was no aristocrat. The family was notoriously chaotic and quarrelsome and chickens roosted everywhere in the house, except in Angel’s office. Yet his parents and sisters always gave Fidel important moral and financial support. He was the most spoiled and headstrong of the children. His father usually indulged him, though his mother’s favorite was the more tranquil Raúl.

From his earliest years, Fidel loved the outdoor life, and played happily and naturally with the children of his father’s Haitian laborers. The rough manners and language he learned sometimes shocked his mother, but he never lost her affection. He learned his first lessons in the one-room school on the family property, where he was an unruly child, who hated authority of any kind. As a result, the six year old Fidel was sent off to the Catholic La Salle school in Santiago. The brothers who ran the school, however, refused to accept an unbaptised, illegitimate child. So, Angel and Lina married and Fidel was duly sprinkled with holy water. Both ceremonies were performed by a Spanish priest, friend of Angel, called Pérez Serantes. He was to reappear in Fidel’s life at a crucial moment. In Santiago, Fidel lived with his godfather, the Haitian consul, whom he claimed didn’t feed him enough. He didn’t like living in a city, after the freedom of the open country. He made so much trouble that he was enrolled as a boarder, which improved his mood but not his disposition. He always pushed to be first in everything and got into fights with his classmates. He was notorious for taking on even the biggest boys, and never giving up or admitting that he was beaten. Fidel longed for the holidays when he could return to the country to ride, swim and climb. After he got into a fight with a teacher, he and his brothers, considered the worst bullies in the school, were brought home by Angel. Fidel’s mother interceded, while he threatened to burn down the house. Angel relented and let him return to school.

At the age of nine, Fidel entered the Dolores school in Santiago, where he began the Jesuit education that was to influence him deeply. He liked history (especially military history), geography, and stories of famous men like José Martí. He read extensively, even a ten-volume history of the French revolution – and became so fascinated by the ongoing Spanish Civil War that he devoured every newspaper he could find, beginning a habit that would never leave him. But his favorite activity was sport, where his outstanding skills gained the respect of his fellow students, who had looked down on him as a bumpkin. He became an enthusiastic hiker and mountaineer, and began to explore the nearby Sierra Maestra mountains, little suspecting the role they would play in his life. The Jesuits taught him well; he was near the top of his class. They imbued a Spartan life style, but not the rebelliousness that made him try to organize a strike among his father’s workers when he was thirteen. Impulsive but intense self-confidence and conviction that he should be Number One were already part of his character. By now he was growing aware of the outside world. When Franklin Roosevelt was reelected in 1940, the fourteen-year-old Fidel wrote him a letter of congratulation, asking for ‘a ten dollars bill green American’ and claiming to be twelve. Although the president didn’t answer directly, the response Fidel received from the State Department was proudly posted on the school’s bulletin board.

In Santiago, Fidel heard about the country’s most prestigious prep school, the Jesuit college of Belén in Havana. His parents agreed to send him there, but he was too young. According to one version, Angel paid a bribe for a revised birth certificate that added a year to his age. If that is true, Fidel was actually born in 1927 not 1926. In any case, in September 1941 he entered the new world of the vibrant, sensual and sophisticated capital. He had never left Oriente before. In the capital, he and his older sister Angela lived in a boarding house; she took care of his daily needs while his father sent a regular and generous allowance. Belén’s Jesuit masters taught seriously and enforced a strict discipline. The boys wore uniforms and attended mass; they were the children of Cuba’s elite, frequently going on to a career in the law or politics. Many of the teachers came from Franco’s Spain, advocated the superiority of Spanish culture, and had little admiration for the secular Anglo-Saxon nation to the north. Fidel delved into the works of the Spanish fascists as well as Mussolini and Hitler; ideas of liberal democracy had little influence here. His greatest admiration, though, was for the works and personality of José Martí, the author of Cuba’s independence, who became the model for his whole career.

The teenage Fidel concentrated only on the subjects he liked (Spanish, history, geography and agriculture). He also was fond of debate and public speaking; he studied the speeches of the great classical orators and practiced them in front of a mirror. Wining arguments suited his personality. So did sports, his favorite activity at school. He became head of the hiking club, and invariably took the lead in mountain climbing. When the coach of the basketball team rejected him, he threw himself into practice, even asking the padre to install a light so he could continue after hours. His work paid off: he not only joined the team, but became its captain in his senior year. This was a real achievement for someone who was considered pushy, over-talkative and too independent to be a team player. He had associates and admirers, but no really close friends.

Fidel won his first great distinction at the age of 18, when he was named Cuba’s outstanding collegiate athlete. His prowess in sports once again overcame the disdain that his aristocratic classmates felt for this rough rustic brawler. Nevertheless, Fidel never lost the resentment of the upper classes that his school experience generated. Love of sports meant that he often neglected his studies, but his incredible memory saved him. When his schoolmates asked him what was on a given page of the sociology text, he could respond by quoting all of it from memory. In his last year, he was excluded from the exams in French and logic because he hadn’t attended the classes. He persuaded the teacher to let him take the exams if he got 100% in French; he did. Determination, concentrated hard work, memory, and sport became the foundation of his career.

Fidel’s all round abilities earned him special recognition. When he graduated in 1945, the head of the school prophetically wrote in his yearbook: `He has known how to win the admiration and affection of all. He will make law his career and we do not doubt that he will fill with brilliant pages the book of his life’.1

While Fidel was growing up, Cuba was passing through turmoil, in a series of dramatic changes that left an unforgettable impression on the Cuban people. He was born during the presidency of Gerardo Machado who entered office in 1924 as a welcome reformer, replacing a series of hopelessly corrupt governments. Although he greatly improved the country through an ambitious program of public works (Havana’s seafront boulevard and the country’s main east-west highway among its products), he soon fell into the usual pattern, amassing power and wealth. In a country that had no tradition of democracy, politics was seen as the prime route to riches: high offices were bitterly contested and vast sums were stolen. After his fraudulent reelection in 1928, Machado was faced with economic chaos brought by the Great Depression. He responded with force. In November 1930, he suspended the constitution, censored the press, and dispatched secret police and death squads against those who dared to oppose him.