Horatio Nelson: pocket GIANTS E-Book

Peter Warwick

• Herausgeber: The History Press
• Kategorie: Sachliteratur, Reportagen, Biografien
• Sprache: Englisch

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

Why is Nelson a hero? Because he was a captain before he was 21, a man who shaped the course of history from the decks of his ships, hailed as a saviour of the nation, a hero killed in action at the moment of his greatest victory at the Battle of Trafalgar and immortalized ever since. What lies beneath the romantic legend of Horatio Nelson? What did he do before he became famous? Why did he fall from grace twice? Did he really put a telescope to his blind eye? Why did Victory's signal lieutenant change his 'England expects . . . .' signal at Trafalgar? What made his leadership special? This book traces Nelson's spectacular and often controversial career from a Norfolk parson's son who entered the Royal Navy at the age of twelve, through his youth as a difficult and ambitious naval subordinate, his rise to admiral and celebrity, his fighting career and his outstanding victories at the battles of the Nile, Copenhagen and ultimately Trafalgar.

Leseprobe

Contents

Acknowledgements

Introduction: In Search of Nelson

1 A Norfolk Childhood

2 Learning the Ropes

3 Frigate Captain

4 America and the West Indies

5 The Mediterranean

6 Cape St Vincent

7 The Battle of the Nile

8 Naples

9 Emma

10 Copenhagen

11 Trafalgar

12 Immortal Memory

Timeline

Further Reading

Web Links

Copyright

Acknowledgements

Thank you to my very dear friends Ian and Pat Grimble, whose wonderful Devon home made this volume possible; to John Curtis and Tony Morris for reading and commenting on the manuscript; and to my marvellous son Tom, who continues to suffer Nelson!

Introduction

In Search of Nelson

Hope revives within me. I shall recover, and my dream of glory be fulfilled. Nelson will yet be an admiral.

Horatio Nelson, 1 September 17801

At times during his career, Horatio Nelson seemed an unlikely candidate for greatness. For instance, at the end of 1776 he fell ill from malaria and was discharged from the navy. Four years later, at the height of a campaign in Central America, he was struck down again and had to be invalided home. In January 1782 his ship was severely damaged in a collision. In 1784 he was on half pay and ill in London. In 1787, as senior naval officer in the Leeward Islands, he mishandled a situation involving a fellow officer and future king, Prince William Henry, which put him out of favour with the Admiralty for five years. In July 1797 he led a disastrous and bloody attack on Santa Cruz de Tenerife and lost his right arm in the action. He himself concluded that his career was now at an end, writing, ‘a left-handed admiral will never again be considered as useful’.2 Two years later he was deeply embroiled in Sicilian politics, complicit in atrocities ashore, lampooned in the press for a scandalous relationship with another man’s wife, reprimanded by the Admiralty and summoned home in ignominy. Earl St Vincent remarked, ‘Nelson will never be fit for an independent command.’3 In August 1801 he masterminded two abortive attacks on French gunboats at Boulogne. Finally, for two years between 1803 and 1805, he failed to bring the enemy to action.

The truth is that Nelson’s extraordinary and often controversial career was not a smooth progression from midshipman to admiral; from boy to hero. He made many mistakes. His judgement was not always sound. He suffered reverses, some of which were of his own making.

There are many Nelsons, depending on which period and which aspect of his life is highlighted. The differences and contradictions are reflected in the many contemporary accounts and portraits of him – he sat for all the great artists of the day, save Sir Thomas Lawrence. The general perception is that of a frail man, 5ft 7in tall. His many injuries and complaints caused him to age prematurely: by 1800 his hair had turned white. In terms of personality, there is the young and earnest Nelson, often naive but already displaying flashes of originality; the more experienced Nelson with a solid reputation, eager for fame and glory yet humbled by his own hubris; the patriotic and dutiful Nelson; the Nelson imbued with both physical and moral courage. There is also the ruthless, fighting Nelson with a heart tempered by a strong sense of humanity and religious faith; the passionate lover, doting father and loyal friend; the sensitive, generous Nelson, thinking about and caring for others; and the charming, charismatic Nelson with a dry sense of humour and a ‘sweet smile’. To these descriptions must be added the insecure, emotionally vulnerable and easily depressed Nelson, always striving for perfection whilst craving official recognition and popular acclaim; and, finally, the accomplished Nelson, who during the last two years of his life managed to distil all of these attributes and characteristics to achieve his goal.

To appreciate how he reached this apogee after such a fluctuating, even erratic, career we might reflect on the words which conclude his fragment of autobiography written in 1799:

Thus may be exemplified by my life, that perseverance in any profession will most probably meet its reward. Without having any inheritance, or having been fortunate in prize money, I have received all the honours of my profession, been created a peer of Great Britain, and I may say to the reader, ‘Go Thou and Do Likewise.’4

The key word is ‘perseverance’. Nelson was driven by the need to achieve and rarely faltered in his attempts to do so. It might even be argued that perseverance was his star quality, since without it the full potential of his positive attributes may never have been realised.

Nevertheless, Nelson’s illustrious naval career was only made possible by the coincidence of war during his lifetime; by ‘interest’, meaning influence in the right places; and by the fact that the Royal Navy was blessed with an elite of remarkably talented naval officers. Nelson has emerged as the icon for them all and for the naval service as a whole. He was the first to recognise their importance to his own achievements.

In spite of these advantages, there can be no doubting Nelson’s ability to seize and even create decisive opportunities, for instance at the battles of Cape St Vincent and Copenhagen, and to act with originality. However, Nelson’s most exceptional attribute was not his strategic and tactical prowess, important though that was. It was his leadership style. In 1913 the British government commissioned a report into the tactics at Trafalgar. The expectation was that some elegant mathematical formula would explain the execution of Nelson’s plan and that this could be replicated in a future battle. The inquiry missed the point completely by failing to recognise that it was Nelson’s radical leadership style and the atmosphere that it created that was the secret to his success in battle.

During the course of his naval career, Nelson saw action on more than 120 occasions and sailed to many parts of the world, including the Mediterranean, India, Central and North America, the West Indies and the Arctic. His thirst for battle and hunger for glory often put others at risk, but only risks he himself was personally prepared to take. He demonstrated emphatically at his three outstanding victories, the Nile, Copenhagen and Trafalgar, that he not only took risks but could bring them off successfully.

Nelson was exceptionally good at communicating his ideas and plans to his officers, but in all his commands he also inspired confidence and created harmony. His leadership communicated the sense to his captains that they could do things without waiting for permission from him. In return, he conveyed that he could rely on their initiative to follow through as a battle evolved. This was unusual amongst eighteenth-century admirals, who rarely shared their ideas with fellow officers. Moreover, his captains knew he would support their own risk-taking afterwards, no matter the outcome. This empowerment was the key essence of Nelson the Leader rather than Nelson the Commander. It is what differentiates him from, say, the Duke of Wellington, who, in spite of his deserved and illustrious reputation, was a great commander rather than an authentic leader. A lieutenant in the 30th Foot once wrote of Wellington: ‘No leader ever possessed so fully the confidence of his soldiers, but none did love him.’5 Criticised for being cold and aloof throughout his career, Wellington never inspired the adulation from his soldiers that Nelson gained from his sailors.

Nelson learnt from his predecessors from an early age. Talk of Admiral Sir Edward Hawke’s pursuit of a large French fleet into the tempestuous Quiberon Bay on 20 November 1759 would have been captivating stuff for an adventurous boy, especially as his maternal uncle was a prominent sailor himself, who told the Nelson children stirring stories of his adventures in the Seven Years War. Nelson was impressed by Hawke’s aggression and decisiveness, which he came to emulate, not least at the Battle of the Nile, where he pounced on the French fleet at anchor in Aboukir Bay as the sun was setting, echoing Hawke’s own headlong pursuit at Quiberon.

The hero whom Nelson most admired was Major-General James Wolfe, who was killed, aged 32, during his victorious attack on Quebec, also in 1759. On seeing Benjamin West’s famous painting of the death scene, Nelson asked the artist to paint his own, should he be killed in action, which West did.

In order to appreciate Nelson’s exceptional career it is also essential to understand the role that the Royal Navy played in eighteenth-century British society, politically, economically and socially, and how it had gained such importance. The British economy was growing as a result of improvements in agricultural productivity and increasing colonial foreign trade, especially with the East Indies. This created an investment surplus that allowed the government to borrow large sums at low rates of interest through a sophisticated financial system first established in the late seventeenth century to meet the needs of war with France. Foreign trade was protected by the navy and was, through taxation, the means to pay for it; a formula which was willingly approved by the population. This gave Britain a huge advantage over France and Spain and placed the Royal Navy at the heart of the national project. The British people saw that it was sea power that protected their country from foreign invasion. It guaranteed their freedom and preserved their liberties, and provided the long-term security that allowed the economy to grow. It was a virtuous circle. War created the demand that was the ultimate stimulus for that growth.

At the time of Nelson’s birth in 1758 the Royal Navy consisted of more than 400 ships, making it the strongest naval force in the world. This fleet was supported by the globe’s largest industrial complex, with great dockyards employing tens of thousands, and a highly sophisticated and effective administrative bureaucracy, out of which grew today’s Civil Service. The navy had benefited from the recent successes of the Seven Years War, particularly in gaining the ability to keep fleets at sea for long periods, escorting convoys and blockading enemy ports. This had given it a margin of superiority over the navies of France and Spain, and a belief in victory. Typically, its sailors were fit, well trained and disciplined. Discipline was regulated and could be harsh, but generally sailors enjoyed a relationship with their officers based on a tradition of tolerance and humanity which harked back to the Elizabethan age. Moreover, because the parliamentary system had gained control of the navy in the late seventeenth century, sailors were regarded favourably by the people as an expression of their liberty, unlike soldiers – the army was suspected as a manifestation of the power of the Crown.