Radiology of Chest Diseases E-Book

Sebastian Lange

• Herausgeber: Thieme
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 580

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2006

Beschreibung

This fully revised and expanded third edition covers all aspects of modern thoracic radiology, and includes important new sections on computer tomographic signs, interventional radiology of the thorax and the latest developments in cardiac CT and MRI diagnostics, as well as a new chapter on high resolution/thin section CT patterns. The section on diffuse lung disease has been expanded and many new CT illustrations have been added. The book contains comprehensive information on the role of new technologies, including MDCT, in the evaluation of thoracic disease, the role of PET/PET-CT in the thorax, and the expanding roles of MDCT and MRI in evaluation of the heart.

Leseprobe

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the publisher.

This book is a fully revised and expanded authorized translation of the 3rd German edition published and copyrighted 2005 by Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany. Title of the German edition: Radiologische Diagnostik der Thoraxerkrankungen.

1st English edition 19901st Spanish edition 19901st Italian edition 19911st French edition 19911st Japanese edition 19931st Chinese edition 19942nd English edition 19982nd Chinese edition 20001st Brazilian edition (Portuguese) 2002

Translator: Terry Telger, Fort Worth, Texas, USA

© 2007 Georg Thieme Verlag,Rüdigerstrasse 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germanyhttp://www.thieme.deThieme New York, 333 Seventh Avenue,New York, NY 10001, USAhttp://www.thieme.com

Typesetting by primustype Hurler GmbH, NotzingenPrinted in Germany by Grammlich, Pliezhausen

ISBN-10: 3-13-740703-6 (GTV)ISBN-13: 978-3-13-740703-4 (GTV)ISBN-10: 1-58890-447-4 (TNY)ISBN-13: 978-1-58890-447-8 (TNY)

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Important note: Medicine is an ever-changing science undergoing continual development. Research and clinical experience are continually expanding our knowledge, in particular our knowledge of proper treatment and drug therapy. Insofar as this book mentions any dosage or application, readers may rest assured that the authors, editors, and publishers have made every effort to ensure that such references are in accordance with the state of knowledge at the time of production of the book.

Nevertheless, this does not involve, imply, or express any guarantee or responsibility on the part of the publishers in respect to any dosage instructions and forms of applications stated in the book. Every user is requested to examine carefully the manufacturers' leaflets accompanying each drug and to check, if necessary in consultation with a physician or specialist, whether the dosage schedules mentioned therein or the contraindications stated by the manufacturers differ from the statements made in the present book. Such examination is particularly important with drugs that are either rarely used or have been newly released on the market. Every dosage schedule or every form of application used is entirely at the user's own risk and responsibility. The authors and publishers request every user to report to the publishers any discrepancies or inaccuracies noticed. If errors in this work are found after publication, errata will be posted at www.thieme.com on the product description page.

Some of the product names, patents, and registered designs referred to in this book are in fact registered trademarks or proprietary names even though specific reference to this fact is not always made in the text. Therefore, the appearance of a name without designation as proprietary is not to be construed as a representation by the publisher that it is in the public domain.

This book, including all parts thereof, is legally protected by copyright. Any use, exploitation, or commercialization outside the narrow limits set by copyright legislation, without the publisher's consent, is illegal and liable to prosecution. This applies in particular to photostat reproduction, copying, mimeographing, preparation of microfilms, and electronic data processing and storage.

To Maritta, Constantin,Caroline, Christian, and Clemens

Sebastian Lange

To Colin

Geraldine Walsh

Preface

Almost a decade has passed since the publication of the second edition of Radiology of Chest Diseases in 1997. This period has seen tremendous advances in imaging technology.

Single-slice helical CT has given way to multi-detector row CT (MDCT), and with increasing numbers of detectors we move toward the concept of “isotropic” spatial resolution. This has been combined with decreased scan times and improved temporal resolution. The rapid evolution of CT technology has led to marked improvements in the quality of thoracic CT studies and has allowed us to contemplate and perform with some success cardiac evaluation and CT coronary angiography.

Positron emission tomography (PET)/PET-CT has been incorporated into everyday clinical practice in the past decade and today plays a significant role in imaging evaluation of thoracic disease, particularly in oncologic staging and assessment.

Advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) today allow improved cardiac evaluation and particularly myocardial first-pass perfusion and viability assessment.

In this text, we have tried to convey how these exciting advances in technology fit into the clinical setting of cardiothoracic imaging evaluation.

We also recognize the ever-increasing availability and use of CT as an “early” second-line imaging tool in assessment of the patient with suspected pulmonary disease and have placed a greater emphasis on the role of high-resolution/thin-section CT in evaluation of parenchymal lung disease.

A new chapter on interventional procedures in the thorax describes a spectrum of procedures from the standard image-guided biopsy and drainage through to the more specialized interventions of pulmonary AVM and pulmonary false aneurysm embolization.

Once again, we hope that this text conveys the fascinating diversity of cardiothoracic radiology and that it will prove a useful guide to the practitioner in the everyday clinical setting.

Sebastian Lange, MDGeraldine Walsh, MRCP, FRCR, FRANZCR

Table of Contents

1 Examination Technique and Normal Findings

Radiographic Examination

Frontal Chest Radiograph

Lateral Chest Radiograph

Oblique Views

Apical Lordotic View

Fluoroscopy

Scatter-Reduction Grids

The Normal Chest Radiograph

Structures of the Chest Wall

Diaphragm

Pleura

Lung Parenchyma

Tracheobronchial System

Vascular System

The Mediastinum

Conventional Tomography

Computed Tomography

Radionuclide Imaging

Lung Scintigraphy

Myocardial Perfusion Scintigraphy

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and PET-CT

Ultrasound

Pulmonary Angiography

Bronchography

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

2 Malformations

Bronchopulmonary Sequestrations

Hypogenetic Lung Syndrome (Scimitar Syndrome)

Bronchogenic Cysts

Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation of the Lung (CCAM)

Pulmonary Agenesis, Aplasia, and Hypoplasia

Congenital Lobar Emphysema

Congenital Bronchial Atresia

Vascular Malformations

Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformations (AVM)

Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Drainage (PAPVD)

Hypoplasia and Atresia of the Pulmonary Artery

3 Infection and Inflammatory Disorders

Pneumonia

Lung Abscess and Septic Pulmonary Emboli

Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Fungal Diseases of the Lung

Candidiasis

Aspergillosis

Histoplasmosis

Coccidioidomycosis

Actinomycosis

Nocardiosis

Cryptococcosis (Torulosis)

Parasitic Infections

Amebiasis

Toxoplasmosis

Pneumocystis Jiroveci Pneumonia (Previously Known as Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia—PCP)

Schistosomiasis

Echinococciasis

Paragonimiasis

Ascariasis

Strongyloidiasis and Ankylostomiasis

Sarcoidosis

Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Infections

Intrathoracic Malignancy

Lymphoproliferative Disorders

Autoimmune Disorders/Connective Tissue Diseases

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Progressive Systemic Sclerosis (PSS)

Sjögren Syndrome

Dermatomyositis

Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS)

Wegener Granulomatosis (WG)

Allergic Angiitis and Granulomatosis (Churg-Strauss Disease)

Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Disease (AGBMD)

Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemosiderosis (IPH)

Pulmonary Eosinophilia (Eosinophilic Lung Disease)

Radiation-Induced Lung Disease

Drug-Induced Lung Disease

4 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Diseases of the Airways

Emphysema

Other Forms of Emphysema

Cicatricial Emphysema

Bullous Emphysema

Compensatory Emphysema

Chronic Bronchitis

Bronchiectasis

Bronchiolitis-Small Airway Disease

Cellular Bronchiolitis

Constrictive Bronchiolitis

Swyer-James-Macleod Syndrome

Organizing Pneumonia/Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia (also known as Bronchiolitis Obliterans Organizing Pneumonia)

Bronchial Asthma

5 Inhalational Lung Diseases and Pneumoconioses

Foreign Body Aspiration

Pneumoconiosis

Pneumoconioses Due to Inorganic Dusts

Silicosis

Coal-Worker's Pneumoconiosis (CWP)

Asbestos-Induced Pleural Changes and Asbestosis

Other Inorganic Pneumoconioses

Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis (EAA)/Hypersensitivity pneumonitis

Inhalation of Toxic Gases and Fumes

6 Tumors and Tumor-Like Lesions of the Lung

The Solitary Pulmonary Nodule (SPN)

Benign Tumors of the Lung

Pulmonary Hamartoma

Carcinoid, Mucoepidermoid, and Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma

Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (LCH)

Bronchial Carcinoma

Pulmonary Metastases

Lymphoma

Primary Pulmonary Lymphoma

AIDS-Related Lymphoma

Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis

Treated Lymphoma

7 Pulmonary Hypertension and Edema

Pulmonary Hypertension

Precapillary Pulmonary Hypertension

Primary Pulmonary Hypertension

Acute Pulmonary Embolism (PE) and Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension (CTEPH)

Cardiac Defects with a Left-to-Right Shunt

Pulmonary Hypertension Due to Alveolar Hypoventilation

Postcapillary Pulmonary Hypertension

Pulmonary Veno-Occlusive Disease

Pulmonary Congestion and Edema

8 Thoracic Trauma

Chest Wall Injuries

Rib Fractures

Sternal Fractures

Vertebral Fractures

Subcutaneous Emphysema

Pleural Injuries

Pneumothorax

Hemothorax

Pulmonary Parenchymal Trauma

Pulmonary Contusion

Pulmonary Hematomata and Pneumatoceles

Pulmonary Atelectasis

Pneumonia in the Trauma Patient

Tracheobronchial Rupture

Pulmonary Torsion

Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (Shock Lung, Da Nang Syndrome, Stiff Lung Syndrome, Oxygen Lung, Transfusion Lung)

Mediastinal Injuries

Pneumomediastinum

Traumatic Aortic and Great Vessel Injury

Traumatic Diaphragmatic Rupture

9 Diseases of the Pleura, Diaphragm, and Chest Wall

Diseases of the Pleura

Pleural Effusion

Pneumothorax

Pleural Thickening and Fibrothorax

Fibrothorax and Asbestos-Induced Diffuse Pleural Thickening

Pleural Mesothelioma

Diseases of the Diaphragm

Diaphragmatic Paralysis

Subphrenic Abscess

Diaphragmatic Hernia

Bochdalek Hernia

Morgagni Hernia

Hiatus Hernia

Tumors of the Diaphragm

Diseases of the Chest Wall

10 Radiology of Cardiac Disease

Cardiac Size

Cardiac Contour

Congenital Heart Disease

Cardiac Anomalies without a Shunt

Pulmonary Stenosis

Congenital Aortic Stenosis

Coarctation of the Aorta

Congenital Cardiac Anomalies Associated with a Left-to-Right Shunt

Atrial Septal Defect

Ventricular Septal Defect

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Drainage (TAPVD)

Congenital Cardiac Anomalies associated with a Right-to-Left Shunt

Tetralogy of Fallot

Uncorrected Transposition of the Great Vessels

Ebstein Anomaly

Acquired Heart Disease

Cardiac Failure

Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) and Myocardial Infarction (MI)

Cardiomyopathies

Acquired Valvular Heart Disease

Mitral Stenosis

Mitral Regurgitation

Aortic Stenosis

Aortic Regurgitation

Multivalvular Disease

Hypertensive Heart Disease

Cardiac Neoplasms

Imaging the Heart Post-Intervention and Surgery

Cardiac Pacemakers

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) Surgery

Coronary Stents

Pericardial Disease

Pericardial Effusion

Prosthetic Heart Valves

Constrictive Pericarditis

Pericardial Cysts and Diverticula

11 Diseases of the Mediastinum

Mediastinal Displacement

Air in the Mediastinum

Air in the Esophagus and Stomach

Pneumomediastinum

Non-Neoplastic Mediastinal Widening

Acute Mediastinitis

Diseases of the Thoracic Aorta

Chronic Mediastinitis

Aortic Anomalies

Aortic Ectasia

Aortitis

Mediastinal Hematoma

Neoplastic Mediastinal Widening

The Thymus

Mediastinal Lymph Node Enlargement

Primary Mediastinal Tumors: Benign Teratoma and Malignant Germ Cell Tumors

Neurogenic Tumors

12 High-Resolution/Thin-Section CT Patterns in Pulmonary Disease

Ground-Glass Opacification—Consolidation

Multifocal Peribronchial Consolidation

Pulmonary Nodules

Intra- and Interlobular Septal Thickening and Reticular Pattern

Decreased Lung Attenuation and Cystic Lung Change

Inhomogeneous-Mosaic Lung Attenuation

13 Radiographic Signs and Differential Diagnosis

1. The Opaque Hemithorax

2. Lobar and Segmental Opacification

3. Opacification which does not Conform to Anatomic Boundaries

Inhomogeneous and Regionally Confluent Air Space Opacification

Bilateral Symmetric Hazy Opacification

4. Opacification involving the Upper Zone and/or Apicomediastinal Angle

5. Lower Lung and Cardiophrenic Angle Opacification

6. Pulmonary Nodules

7. Linear Shadowing

8. Reticular Shadowing

9. Cavitating Lung Lesions

10. Ring Shadows and Cystic Lung Disease

11. Pulmonary Hypertransradiancy

12. Hilar Enlargement

13. Intrathoracic Calcifications

Pulmonary Calcifications

Tracheobronchial Calcifications

Lymph Node Calcification

Pleural Calcifications

14 Thoracic Intervention

Biopsy

Drainage

Foreign Body Retrieval-Extraction

Bronchial Artery Embolization

Coil Embolization of Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformations

Coil Embolization of Pulmonary Artery False Aneurysms

Reference List

Index