The Little History of Suffolk E-Book

Sarah E. Doig

• Herausgeber: The History Press
• Kategorie: Sachliteratur, Reportagen, Biografien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 204

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2018

Beschreibung

If we scratch beneath the surface of the Suffolk we know today, there are numerous surprising, touching and alarming tales which bring to life the rich history of this county. The Little History of Suffolk reveals the devastating effect of the dissolution of the monasteries, the decline of the once-booming cloth trade, drastic erosion of the coastline, and the disappearance of large country houses and estates. Here you will also find the rise of the chic Victorian seaside resorts, the captains of the brewing and iron industries who put Suffolk firmly on the post-industrial revolution map, and the key wartime role the county played over many centuries. No corner of Suffolk is left unturned in this small book with a huge punch.

Leseprobe

First published 2018

The History Press

The Mill, Brimscombe Port

Stroud, Gloucestershire, GL5 2QG

www.thehistorypress.co.uk

© Sarah E. Doig, 2018

The right of Sarah E. Doig to be identified as the Authorof this work has been asserted in accordance with theCopyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without the permission in writing from the Publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data.

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN 978 0 7509 9014 1

Typesetting and origination by The History Press

Printed in Great Britain

eBook converted by Geethik Technologies

CONTENTS

About the Author

Introduction

1    Early Suffolk

2    Norman Suffolk

3    Medieval Suffolk

4    Tudor Suffolk

5    Stuart Suffolk

6    Georgian Suffolk

7    Victorian Suffolk

8    Twentieth-Century Suffolk

9    Suffolk Today

Select Bibliography

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Although Sarah Doig was born in Hertfordshire, she considers herself a Suffolk girl. When she was a 1-year-old, Sarah moved with her family first to Mildenhall and then to Bury St Edmunds, where she was educated. Leaving Suffolk initially to attend university, Sarah found herself away from the county she considered her home for some twenty-seven years. After having travelled the world during her twenty-year career in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Sarah could no longer resist the strong pull back to Suffolk, and finally returned in 2010.

She now works as a freelance local history researcher, writer and speaker. Sarah is the author of The A-Z of Curious Suffolk, also published by The History Press.

Sarah’s website is www.ancestral-heritage.co.uk.

INTRODUCTION

When I was first asked whether I would consider writing The Little History of Suffolk, I almost dismissed it as a challenge too great to take on. How can anyone possibly condense the history of the county, from the dawn of time through to the present day, in one small volume? There are many excellent, academic studies of separate historical periods and aspects of Suffolk, as well as A History of Suffolk first published in 1985 by two of the very best local historians the county has been lucky enough to have: David Dymond and Peter Northeast. I then realised that the brief for this book was very different and something I felt able and willing to tackle. Primarily, it is designed to be approachable and readable and, by necessity, to be selective rather than comprehensive. The Little History of Suffolk is therefore a book written by an author passionate about the history and heritage of the county for like-minded individuals, regardless of their previous knowledge. My mission is also to enthuse others, for the first time, about the county in which they live or visit. The chronological approach allows the reader to either read the book from cover to cover, to select an era to read or to simply dip in at random. Either way, I hope my selection of what I consider the very best bits of Suffolk history stimulates the mind, and leaves you more informed and interested than you were before picking up the book.

Before I end, and you immerse yourself in The Little History of Suffolk, I would like to thank my husband, Mike: a Scotsman who has embraced Suffolk life wholeheartedly. More importantly, Mike has patiently proofread drafts of this book and added his thoughts, for which I am grateful. He has also kept me supplied with coffee, food and alcohol at regular intervals and kept the house running smoothly.

1

EARLY SUFFOLK

IN THE BEGINNING

Half a million years ago, the area we now call Suffolk bore no similarity whatsoever to the modern-day county. At that time, Britain was still attached to the European Continent, forming a north-west peninsula, and two main rivers ran roughly west to east across the region. The Ice Age, however, changed the shape of Suffolk forever. The Anglian Glaciation, which formed the extreme southern edge of a thick ice sheet that covered most of England, blanketed the majority of Suffolk. Roughly 10,000 years ago, when the ice finally retreated, it left a deep deposit of boulder clay on the central part of Suffolk. The resulting water from the melting, several hundred-metre-thick ice drained east and south-east, leaving the valleys now occupied by four of our major rivers: the Deben, Gipping, Stour and Waveney. And so, the basic – albeit bare – landscape of the county was formed.

About two-thirds of the county is covered by chalky boulder clay and the rest, to the east, by sands, silty clays and flint-rich gravels. When the ice finally disappeared, successive periods of warming of the climate allowed vegetation to grow on the bare rocks and a forest of birch and pine covered the land. This gradually gave way to mixed oak forests as the soil developed. Three distinct soil regions of Suffolk emerged; Breckland in the north-west, which comprised mainly heathland; the Sandlings in the south-east; and the claylands of High Suffolk, which became the main agricultural belt. And our county’s most distinctive feature, its coastline, took shape when the land bridge between Britain and the Continent was finally broken in about 6500 BC.

PAKEFIELD MAN

So, when did man first set foot in Suffolk? Well, of course, we don’t actually know, although humans were certainly here before the Ice Age, having migrated through Europe from East Africa. In 2000, the base of cliffs at Pakefield near Lowestoft yielded up some human-worked flints that have been dated to about 700,000 years ago. At the time of their discovery, they were the earliest evidence of humans in northern Europe. Since then, however, slightly older evidence has been found on the north Norfolk coast. Nevertheless, Suffolk can still lay claim to some of the country’s earliest settlers and Pakefield certainly is not the only place in the county in which early, basic flint tools have been found. At numerous sites in the north-west corner of Suffolk, hand-axes have been unearthed that give us an insight into our early, pre-Ice Age ancestors. These people would have hunted horses and deer for their meat, as well as animals long since gone from our shores such as lions, bears and mammoths. As well as cutting up their prey, their crude flint tools were used to scrape the animal hide from which they made their clothing. It was not until the very end of the Ice Age that Suffolk was once again visited by early man, as well as by the animals upon which they relied for food.

THE FIRST SUFFOLK FARMERS

In around 4500 BC, crop cultivation and animal rearing began in Britain. In Suffolk, signs of these Neolithic farmers have been found predominantly in the Brecklands and Sandlings, as well as in river valleys in the rest of the county. These new skills had spread from the Near East, from where seeds and livestock had been imported. They grew wheat, barley, beans and flax, and kept cattle, sheep, goats and pigs. Woodland was cleared to allow for fields and pastures. With these new practices came the need for farmers to store their produce and so pottery-making emerged. Finds in Suffolk dating from this period show that the farmers also had to create new tools, some from stone other than flint, including those used for grinding corn.

Archaeological digs have also revealed evidence of Suffolk’s earliest buildings. Although these finds are merely of pits, ditches, earthworks and post-holes, it demonstrates that these farming communities were established enough to put down roots in one place and to try to make themselves as comfortable as possible. Crop marks, which emerge in our fields today at certain times of the year, include signs of a circular enclosure at Freston near Ipswich that may have been used by these people as a communal meeting place.

BARROWS AND BRONZE

It is thought that at least 825 barrows existed in Suffolk, although only just over 100 of these are visible today. Most of these earthen burial mounds were to be found in the previously populated areas of the county. Round barrows are the earliest surviving man-made features in our landscape and mainly date from the early Bronze Age (although some were built during the earlier Neolithic era). These burial places of our ancestors would contain from one to fifteen bodies or cremated remains. From bones found in these barrows, we know much about our Suffolk forebears. The average age of death for men was 34, whereas for women it was 37½. Their average height was smaller than modern-day man at 5ft 7½in and women at 5ft 4in.

A round Bronze Age barrow.

Sadly, there is little surviving evidence of Bronze Age settlements, but a group of sites has been excavated in West Row Fen near Mildenhall. These have revealed post-holes that tell us that some of the earliest known Suffolk houses were circular, about 5m in diameter, with square porches to protect the entrances.

It is also in the Bronze Age that we see the first creep of the population into the large swathe of Suffolk then still covered in forests growing on the heavy clay. These trees provided much-needed wood for the furnaces in which the new metal implements and tools were made. Although most of the metalwork finds still come from the north-west and south-east, drinking and cooking vessels, equipment needed for hunting, and horse harnesses have been found across the county.

WHEN TWO TRIBES GO TO WAR

Iron Age Suffolk was occupied by two major British tribes of people: the Iceni in the north and the (lesser-known) Trinovantes in the south. The Trinovantes were a Celtic tribe who were based in Colchester, although we know from the distribution of coins found that their territory extended into Suffolk as far north as roughly a line from Newmarket in the west to Aldeburgh on the coast. Iceni coinage that has been uncovered demonstrates that this tribe controlled the whole of Norfolk, as well as the northern part of Suffolk. Despite the fiercely defended territories of these tribes, experts believe there was a degree of encroachment into each other’s lands, particularly by the Iceni into the south-east of the county.

Although we know very little about conflict between the Iceni and the Trinovantes, evidence of a couple of Iron Age hill fort sites have been discovered – at Burgh near Woodbridge and in Barnham. These suggest that there was a need to defend their land from neighbours intent on incursion. And the discovery, in 2008, of a hoard of gold coins in a large pottery jar near Wickham Market suggests a hurried burial of a treasury during an invasion. This stash of 840 gold coins produced by the Iceni tribe between 20 BC and AD 15 is the largest find of Iron Age coins in Britain since the 1800s. The Iceni were then led by Queen Boudica, whose reputation as a formidable ruler is backed up by a surviving description of her by the Roman historian Tacitus. He wrote that she was ‘very tall and severe … [with] long red hair that fell to her hips’. Although Boudica and her tribe of Iceni warriors had, at first, held out fiercely against the Romans (unlike the Trinovantes), they were eventually conquered by the invading army.

VENI, VIDI, VICI

The question often asked of the Romans is ‘so, what did they ever do for us?’. Well, for a start they created around 400 miles of roads in the county, which formed a network of straight routes from the Romans’ main East Anglian urban centres such as Colchester and Caistor St Edmund, as well as to other large settlements. In Suffolk these were probably in Long Melford, Coddenham, Hacheston, Pakenham and Icklingham, as well as in Scole, a village on the border with Norfolk. The Romans built forts in some of these strategic locations. At Pakenham in mid-Suffolk, a large triple-ditched fort was unearthed. Archaeological digs in these places have uncovered high-status villas. These would have been the centre of a large estate comprising many smaller homesteads. Many of the excavations have also revealed significant industrial activity during the four centuries of Roman rule, including brewing, metalworking and pottery-making.

The extent of Roman settlement in Suffolk, however, reached further than just a handful of larger communities. More than 1,000 Roman sites – many of which would have been farmsteads – have been recorded across the county; probably just the tip of the iceberg. And they used the natural resources available in different parts of the region to their advantage. For instance, around the villages of Wattisfield and Rickinghall, which lie on rich clay, evidence of Roman pottery kilns has been found in abundance.

Roman rule in eastern England was not without its tribulations, such as civil war and internal revolts, as well as threats of invasion. These included attempted raids on the British coast by Germanic pirates. As a result, the Romans built a system of defences along the coastline, comprising a string of heavily defended fortresses. Two of these were in Suffolk, at Walton near Felixstowe and at Burgh Castle in the north-eastern tip of the county (now in Norfolk).

Like earlier Suffolk residents, the Romans buried large collections of coins and other treasured possessions, presumably when fears of being overthrown loomed. Several large hoards have been uncovered over the years including at Hoxne, where the remains of a wooden chest were found. It contained a large collection of gold, silver and bronze coins, as well as other gold and silver objects. But the most impressive of Suffolk’s caches is the so-called Mildenhall Treasure, which is one of the most important finds ever of silver tableware from the late-Roman empire. The thirty-four objects of almost pure silver were dug up by a local farmer and his ploughman in 1942, although it took four years for the importance of the hoard to be recognised. It was subsequently declared ‘treasure trove’ and acquired by the British Museum.

THE SOUTH FOLK

It was after the end of Roman occupation of Britain that the new Anglo–Saxon kingdom of East Anglia was created. In his famous history of Britain completed in AD 731, the Northumbrian monk and scholar Bede refers to the Provincial Orientalium Anglorum. Bede also tells us that the Angles were Germanic migrants who brought with them a language that we know today as English. Sometime later, East Anglia was divided into two. And so, Suffolk, land of the South Folk (as opposed to Norfolk occupied by the North Folk) came into existence. The Waveney and Little Ouse rivers formed a natural boundary between the two areas, just as they do today. We don’t know what exactly distinguished the South Folk from their northern neighbours, but it is possible that the two areas were simply made up of a different mix of migrants to East Anglia from various northern European countries.

The ruling family of East Anglia from around AD 550 was the Wuffingas, who claimed to be descended from both Julius Caesar and Woden, one of the main pagan gods. Their principal seat of power was at Rendlesham near Woodbridge. Recent excavations have revealed a wealth of high-quality objects dating from this time, including those made of gold with settings of precious stones. The number and quality of the Anglo–Saxon coins found at this large site is also remarkable, making it one of the wealthiest uncovered in England. Other remains found during the digs, including bones of young cattle (veal) and sparrowhawk skeletons, suggesting the aristocratic sport of falconry, also point to a high-profile, royal settlement.

The most distinguished king of the Wuffingas was Raedwald and it is now thought that he was buried at nearby Sutton Hoo, which is often called England’s ‘Valley of the Kings’. The discoveries at Sutton Hoo were made just before the Second World War by the self-taught archaeologist, Basil Brown. He had been engaged by the then owner of the land, Edith Pretty, to investigate some of the mounds on the estate, which she felt sure contained something of interest. After finding three previously robbed burials or cremation burials dating from the sixth or early seventh centuries, Basil Brown came across the remains of an undisturbed wooden ship burial that had been held together with iron rivets. He eventually excavated a whole 27 metre-long ship, which revealed a burial chamber. A host of treasures, including the now-iconic iron warrior’s helmet, were found surrounding the skeleton. These Sutton Hoo treasures are now in a purpose-built gallery in the British Museum.

The early seventh-century Sutton Hoo helmet.

But what of ordinary Anglo–Saxon folk? Well, we are lucky that one of the earliest settlements of the English people has been unearthed in West Stow near Bury St Edmunds. Since its discovery in the 1960s, the site has been recreated to provide visitors with an insight into how our early forebears lived. The village had a mix of different types of timber buildings; the largest were for communal living and sleeping, and smaller ones were used for activities such as cooking and occupations such as weaving. Such reconstructions bridge the gap of time, bringing the past to the present.

CHRISTIANITY COMES TO SUFFOLK

Up until the late Roman period, Suffolk’s people were pagan. Christianity, however, was made official by the Emperor Constantine in AD 313 and it seems that this new religion quickly seeped into every corner of the empire. Interestingly, in both the Mildenhall Treasure and the Hoxne Hoard, which in the main are decorated with pagan gods, goddesses and the like, some pieces have Christian inscriptions on them. Similarly, Icklingham near Mildenhall appears to have been both a pagan religious centre and then the site of a fourth-century Christian church. In 1974, a cemetery was uncovered with the skeletons oriented east–west in the Christian tradition. Outlines of buildings were also found, one of which appears to have housed a font used for Christian baptism and the other may have been an early church.

One of the earliest and most revered of East Anglian saints was St Botolph who was a Saxon who had been sent to a Benedictine Abbey in France to be educated. On his return, the Saxon king granted him some land on which to found a monastery. Although the location of this monastery is disputed, most historians accept that it was at Iken near Aldeburgh. After St Botolph’s death in AD 680, the abbey lived on for a further two centuries before it was destroyed by Viking invaders.

GIPESWIC

The county town of Suffolk claims to be the oldest continuously occupied English town. Ipswich was founded in the late sixth or early seventh century on the north bank of the River Orwell, one of a number of small Anglo–Saxon settlements near where the River Gipping flows into the Orwell estuary. It emerged as a ‘wic’ or ‘emporium’; essentially a port that traded goods with similar centres across the North Sea. And so Gipeswic was formed. Its early economy was based on manufacturing and in the eighth century the most important industry was pottery-making. So-called ‘Ipswich-ware’ supplied the whole of East Anglia as well as further afield.

Archaeological digs have established that Anglo–Saxon Ipswich covered about 50 hectares (compared with today’s sprawl of more than 4,000 hectares). The early layout of the streets is also reflected in the modern-day road system. St Stephen’s Lane, for example, follows the course of an Anglo–Saxon path, alongside which post-holes from timber-framed houses have been found. As pagan practices gave way to widespread Christianity, it is likely that the town had one or more places of worship, possibly on the site of some of its current churches.

ST EDMUND, PATRON SAINT OF ENGLAND

Although many people have heard of St Edmund, it is a lesser-known fact that he was the first patron saint of England, before he lost his title to St George. Before his martyrdom, he was King Edmund of East Anglia and reigned for fourteen years until his death in AD 869. Edmund had reluctantly led his army into battle with a Danish invasion force. Local legend has it that, after being defeated in battle, Edmund hid under the Goldbrook Bridge in Hoxne. The reflection of his golden spurs glinting in the water revealed his hiding place to a newly-wed couple crossing the bridge. The couple informed the Danes, who promptly captured Edmund and demanded he renounce his Christian faith in favour of paganism. When he refused to do so, he was tied to a nearby oak tree. After whipping him, the Danes shot arrows at him until he was entirely covered. Even then he would not forsake Christ and so was beheaded, and the head was thrown into the woods. King Edmund’s followers had no problem finding his body, but his head was missing. Searching for his remains, they heard a cry of ‘here, here, here’ and traced the voice to a wolf who was protecting Edmund’s severed head. The wolf allowed them to take the head and they buried him nearby, building a wooden chapel over the spot. Many years later, after the threat from the Danes had ceased, they recovered Edmund and found his body was as sound as if he were alive, including a completely healed neck.

A medieval illumination depicting the martyrdom of King Edmund.

The king’s body was moved several times before finally coming to rest in a monastery at Bedricesworth which had been founded by King Sigeberht, son of the great King Raedwald. Within living memory of Edmund’s death, he was accepted as a saint and special memorial coins were struck. The monastery became a place of great pilgrimage. The cult of St Edmund grew quickly and sometime around the beginning of the eleventh century, Bedricesworth was renamed Bury St Edmunds.

In Hoxne a great oak tree stood for around 1,000 years until it fell in 1848. The tree’s trunk was more than 20ft in circumference. When the tree was cut up, it is said that an old arrowhead was found deep within the tree, 5ft from the base. Today, a stone cross marks the spot where the tree stood with an inscription ‘St Edmund the Martyr AD 870. Oak tree fell August 1848 by its own weight’. There are, however, several other competing claims to the place of Edmund’s death, including Bradfield St Clare.

SCANDINAVIAN SUFFOLK

It is a little-known fact that, for a period of around twenty-six years, Suffolk, and England, was under Danish rule, ended only by the accession of Edward the Confessor. Suffolk had borne the brunt of the various invasion attempts by the Danes; Ipswich had twice been in the direct firing line and had suffered greatly at the hands of the invaders.

Christianity made a speedy recovery when the Danes finally left and, by the time of the Norman invasion of Britain in 1066, East Anglia was divided into numerous administrative entities that had been formalised by the church. An existing Anglo–Saxon framework of villages and towns was used to create more than 500 ecclesiastical parishes, the smallest unit in the church hierarchy. The population had grown steadily, and the land was intensively farmed. In many cases, the Anglo–Saxon parish boundaries have remained largely unchanged over the centuries. And so, by the eleventh century the basic land- and townscape was approaching something we would recognise as Suffolk today. Even the names of many of the county’s villages and towns were already established.

WHAT’S IN A NAME?

Unlike some other counties in England, the effect of the Norman Conquest on place names in Suffolk was minimal. Most of the names of our towns and villages have their origin in Anglo–Saxon Old English. At this time, names were given to single-family farmsteads that later grew into parishes and village names. In Suffolk we have a concentration of names ending in ‘ham’, which simply means ‘a village or group of houses’. The ending ‘ton’ also had the same meaning, as in Kenton, Kedington and Moulton. We also have names incorporating ‘ing’. This denotes groups of people, often the followers of a certain named individual. We therefore get interesting names such as Helmingham, which would have meant ‘the farmstead of the family or people of a man called Helm’. Anglo–Saxon personal names were used frequently in Suffolk such as in Edwardstone, Saxmundham and Woolverstone. The element ‘ing’ could also mean inhabitants of a particular locality. We therefore get place names such as Wratting, which means ‘dwellers where the wort grows’. In fact, Suffolk has quite a number of other place names derived from plants and animals that describe the natural environment in which the place was set, such as Woolpit (wolf), Yaxley (cuckoo), Bentley (bent-grass) and Bramfield (broom).