Boconnoc E-Book

Catherine Lorigan

• Herausgeber: The History Press
• Kategorie: Sachliteratur, Reportagen, Biografien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 532

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2017

Beschreibung

The story of the estate at Boconnoc, situated near Lostwithiel in south-east Cornwall, is an extraordinary one. As this history demonstrates, members of the Cornish families who have owned the estate over many centuries have played important roles within the immediate locality and in national events. Catherine Lorigan explores their eventful lives – or in many cases deaths: dragged over a cliff by greyhounds, slain in battle, executed for treason or killed in duels. She traces how the medieval fortified tower house evolved into a Georgian mansion, discusses how the grounds and gardens have been transformed, and examines the relationship of the estate with the agricultural and industrial landscape in which it is set. Still family owned and run, Boconnoc retains the qualities that give it its magical and timeless ambience, while simultaneously, it has become a dynamic and successful business for the twenty-first century.

Leseprobe

BOCONNOC

BOCONNOC

THE HISTORY OF A CORNISH ESTATE

CATHERINE LORIGAN

For Elizabeth, Clare and Sarah and in memory of Anthony.

And for Andrew, who suggested that I write this book.

First published in 2017

The History Press

The Mill, Brimscombe Port

Stroud, Gloucestershire, GL5 2QG

www.thehistorypress.co.uk

This ebook edition first published in 2017

All rights reserved

© Catherine Lorigan, 2017

The right of Catherine Lorigan to be identified as the Author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

This ebook is copyright material and must not be copied, reproduced, transferred, distributed, leased, licensed or publicly performed or used in any way except as specifically permitted in writing by the publishers, as allowed under the terms and conditions under which it was purchased or as strictly permitted by applicable copyright law. Any unauthorised distribution or use of this text may be a direct infringement of the author’s and publisher’s rights, and those responsible may be liable in law accordingly.

EPUB ISBN 978 0 7509 8452 2

Original typesetting by The History Press

eBook converted by Geethik Technologies

CONTENTS

About the author

Acknowledgements

Abbreviations and currency

List of figures and plates

Map of Cornwall

Foreword by Professor Philip Payton

Introduction

Chapter 1 The early history of Boconnoc: Domesday Book, de Cancias, Carminows and Courtenays

Family tree of the de Carminow family

Family tree of the Courtenay family

Chapter 2 The Mohuns: 1563–1717

Family tree of the Mohun family

Chapter 3 The Pitts: 1717–1804

Family tree of the Pitt and Grenville families

Chapter 4 The Grenvilles and the Fortescues: 1804–64

Family tree of the Fortescue family

Chapter 5 The Fortescues: 1864–1996

Chapter 6 Running the estate

Chapter 7 The house, grounds and gardens in the landscape: the fourteenth to the twenty-first century

Chapter 8 The church

Chapter 9 Industry and agriculture

Chapter 10 A miscellany: emigration, education, law and order, the Poor Law, ferries and railways

Conclusion Boconnoc: the epitome of Cornish history?

Appendix: The rectors of Boconnoc: 1266–2016

Bibliography

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Born in London, Catherine Lorigan has degrees from the universities of Birmingham, Oxford and Exeter. Her love of Cornwall began during her teenage years and has led to its history becoming the focus of her research interests. The author of three books on the county, her first encapsulated the dual themes of the social and economic history of the village of Delabole. Based on her PhD thesis, this book was awarded the Holyer an Gof trophy in 2008 by the Cornish Gorsedh for the best book published about Cornwall in the previous year. Delabole was followed by Connections, which drew together a number of interlinking aspects of the history of North Cornwall. Boconnoc is her third book.

When not visiting or writing about Cornwall, Catherine spends her time studying Renaissance music, playing the viol (an early music instrument) in consorts with friends, and singing.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

To the following I extend my thanks:

In Cornwall: Elizabeth, Clare and Sarah Fortescue; Angela Broome at the Courtenay Library, Royal Institution of Cornwall; the staff at the Cornish Studies Library, Redruth; the staff at the Cornwall Record Office, Truro; Christine and Colin Edwards; Andrew Foot; Paul Holden; Dan Mallet; Jim Matthews; Michael Swift; Carole Vivian.

In England: The archivists of: Balliol College, Oxford; Charterhouse; Christ Church, Oxford; the Coldstream Guards; the College of Arms; Harrow School; the Inner Temple; Lincoln’s Inn; the Sir John Soane’s Museum, London; Mary Beal; Kildare Bourke-Borrowes; the staff at the British Library; the staff at Christie’s; Mildred Cookson, Trustee of the Mills Archive; the Countess of Arran; the staff at the Devon Record Office; Frances Dodds; the staff at the Hampshire Record Office; Bryan Lorigan; the staff at the National Trust Picture Library; the staff at the Picture Gallery and Library, Christ Church, Oxford; Anna McEvoy, Stowe Restoration Trust; Ann Stuart; Jim Sutton; Emma Trelawny-Vernon; The Weiss Gallery, London; Min Wood.

In Australia: Caitlyn Lehmann; Philip Payton.

In Ireland: Sharon Carroll, Cultural & Heritage Administrator, Irish Georgian Society; Aisling Dunne, Archivist, Irish Architectural Archive; the staff at Harold’s Cross/Mount Jerome cemetery, Dublin; Brian Lynch.

In Italy: Ugo Valdrè.

ABBREVIATIONSAND CURRENCY

BL

British Library

BRO

Berkshire Record Office

CRO

Cornwall Record Office

DRO

Devon Record Office

HES

Historic Environment Service (Cornwall)

HRO

Hampshire Record Office

NPG

National Portrait Gallery

RIC

Royal Institution of Cornwall

TNA

The National Archives (formerly the Public Record Office)

CURRENCY

There were 240 pence (d) in £1

LIST OF FIGURESAND PLATES

FIGURES

1. George Matthew and Lady Louisa Fortescue: Phillimore Papers, reproduced courtesy of the Hampshire Record Office (HRO), 115M88/P8.

2. Miss Fortescue, Miss E. Fortescue, Cyril Fortescue, Dudley Ryder and Hugh [Granty] Granville Fortescue: Phillimore Papers, HRO, 115M88/P1.

3. George and Lady Louisa Fortescue at the Rookery Entrance on Sibyl and Nanny, the Groom on Snowstorm: Phillimore Papers, HRO, 115M88/P6.

4. Louisa Susan Anne [Annie] Moore (née Fortescue) and William Westby Moore: Phillimore Papers, HRO, 115M88/P24.

5. Harriet Eleanor Phillimore (née Fortescue) and Augustus Phillimore: Phillimore Papers, HRO, 115M88/P24.

6. Mary Fortescue, Mrs Vernon Harcourt Aldham: © National Trust/Anne Chapman and David Presswell.

7. Elizabeth Frances Fortescue: Phillimore Papers, HRO, 115M88/P24.

8. John Bevill Fortescue: Phillimore Papers, HRO, 115M88/P1.

9. William Pease, Steward at Boconnoc, 1850–81: Phillimore Papers, HRO, 115M88/P24.

10. Jane Clarke, known as Clarkie: Phillimore Papers, HRO, 115M88/P24/10.

11. Near the sawmill, c. 1870s: Phillimore Papers, HRO, 115M88/P6.

12. Drawing of Boconnoc House, Cornwall by J.C. Buckler, 1821: British Library (BL), Add MS 39360, f. 147. Reproduced by permission of the British Library.

13. Photograph of Boconnoc House, c. 1898: © The Francis Frith Collection.

14. Plan of the basement of Boconnoc House by Richard Coad: Cornwall Record Office (CRO), F/1/306, reproduced courtesy of the Cornwall Record Office.

15. Boconnoc House, 1960s: reproduced by permission of Historic England (Commander R. Phillimore Collection).

16. Gamekeepers at Boconnoc: reproduced by permission of Historic England (Commander R. Phillimore Collection).

17. Frontispiece, To Dear Papa from his loving children, L.S.A.F. (Annie) & H.E.F. (Harriet), drawing of Boconnoc church tower: Phillimore Papers, HRO, 115M88, F6/2.

18. Plan of Boconnoc church, c. 1835 by Arthur Tatham: CRO, P/12/2/3, reproduced courtesy of the Cornwall Record Office.

19. Reverend Arthur Tatham: Phillimore Papers, HRO, 115M88/P24.

20. The Fowey ferry in the 1950s: photograph courtesy of Jim Matthews.

21. Detail of the engraving of the harbour of Fowey by Willem Schellinks, 1662: © Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Vienna (see colour section).

PLATES

1. Portrait of Sir Reginald Mohun and Dorothy Chudleigh – English School c. 1604: © The Weiss Gallery, London.

2. Seal showing Richard Symonds in profile: ‘Symonds’ Essex Vol. 2. Reproduced by permission of the Kings, Heralds and Pursuivants of Arms, College of Arms.

3. Portrait of Anne, Lady Grenville by John Hoppner (1758–1810): © Christie’s Images Limited 2009.

4. Portrait of William Wyndham, Lord Grenville in the robes of the Chancellor of the University of Oxford by William Owen: by permission of the Governing Body of Christ Church, Oxford.

5. An undated painting of George Grenville Fortescue’s grave with the white cross in Algiers; Phillimore Papers, Hampshire Record Office (HRO), 115M88/F5/5.

6. Memorial in Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford, south aisle, southwest corner. The inscription reads: ‘In Pious Memory of George Grenville Fortescue of Boconnoc in the county of Cornwall and one time a Student of this House, whose body, when he had been snatched away by a sudden death, lies in Algeria among the Africans.’ His friends commissioned a stained-glass window which was installed above the memorial. The window, by William Wailes, dated 1858, shows the Crucifixion and two scenes from the life of Christ.

7. Grave of Annie Moore (née Fortescue) in Harold’s Cross/Mount Jerome cemetery, Dublin. The inscription reads: Louisa Susan Anne Moore, Daughter of the Honble George and Lady Louisa Fortescue and wife of William Westby Moore Esqre, Born Novr 14th 1833, Married June 25th 1863, Died March 31st 1864. To her dearly loved memory her sorrowing husband Inscribes this stone. Psalm XXIII.

8. Detail of the tithe map of Boconnoc parish, 1838: CRO, TM/12. Reproduced courtesy of the Cornwall Record Office.

9. Detail of Henry VIII’s map of coastal fortifications showing ‘Boconnocke’: BL, Cotton Augustus I.i.38. Reproduced by permission of the British Library.

10. Detail of the map, ‘Draft of the East Commons’ showing ‘Boconack Howse’: CRO, AD644. Reproduced courtesy of the Cornwall Record Office.

11. Drawing of an arch for Boconnoc, Cornwall by Thomas Pitt, 1st Lord Camelford: © Sir John Soane’s Museum, London.

12. Detail of a map by I. Black, c. 1761–71: CRO, F/3/14/11. Reproduced courtesy of the Cornwall Record Office.

13. Boconnoc House, 2016.

14. The staircase at Boconnoc: © Boconnoc estate.

15. Painting on the staircase at Boconnoc.

16. Detail of painting on the staircase at Boconnoc: © Min Wood.

17. Stowe House, Buckinghamshire.

18. The Menagerie, Stowe House, Buckinghamshire.

19. The Dance of the Hours, by Vincenzo Valdrè, Music Room at Stowe House, Buckinghamshire. Reproduced by permission of the Stowe House Preservation Trust.

20. Plan of manors in Cornwall owned by Lord and Lady Grenville: CRO, F/4/78/6, nineteenth century. Reproduced courtesy of the Cornwall Record Office.

21. Portrait of Sir Reginald Mohun in later life, c. 1620s: reproduced courtesy of Emma Trelawny-Vernon.

22. The stream in Valley Crucis, holiday sketchbook of LSAF (Louisa Susan Anne Fortescue – Annie), Boconnoc, August 1856: HRO, Phillimore papers, 115M88/D3.

23. The entrance to the Bath House.

24. Interior of the Bath House.

25. The Dovecote.

26. The wheel-headed wayside cross in Boconnoc churchyard.

27. The font in Boconnoc church, fifteenth century. From a drawing book owned by Harriet Buller, mother of Harriet Trelawny.

28. The Carminow brass plate in Menheniot church: see Edwin Hadlow Wise Dunkin, Monumental Brasses of Cornwall, London, p. 87.

29. The harbour of Fowey, Willem Schellinks, 1662, the ferry, bottom right: © Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Vienna, Z85032805.

30. Boconnoc House and church, 2016: © the author.

CORNWALL

FOREWORD

In 1967 F.E. Halliday, best known for his 1953 edition of Richard Carew’s Survey of Cornwall, produced a volume entitled A Cornish Chronicle, an account of the Carew family of Antony from the time of the Spanish Armada to the Civil War. It is a good book but for me one of its most memorable passages is that which describes the location of Boconnoc, the Cornish house and estate. ‘One of the most delectable – and inaccessible – regions of Cornwall,’ wrote Halliday, ‘is the country defined on the north by the upper waters of the Fowey where it cuts the southern slope of Bodmin Moor, on the west by its lower reaches as it turns abruptly at Lanhydrock and slides below the Black Prince’s castle at Restormel, on the east by the Looe River, and on the south by the sea.’ As Halliday mused, it is ‘virtually an island carved out of the country by rivers’, the ‘kingdom of Mark and Isolde and magical Celtic names’, its geographic extent encompassing much of the old Hundred of West Wivel, ‘an almost perfect square, its sides eight miles long, with the little towns of Fowey, Lostwithiel, Liskeard and Looe at the four corners’. And, Halliday added: ‘Near the middle of this square is Boconnoc.’ As a description of Boconnoc’s situation, Halliday’s sketch can hardly be bettered. But his brief depiction of the locality also hints at the area’s seeming impenetrability, its mysterious detachment from the rest of Cornwall. Even today that sense of entering a hidden land is apparent, as the motorist negotiates the narrow high-hedged lanes before suddenly, and often unexpectedly, encountering the 300-acre estate that is Boconnoc. A.L. Rowse and John Betjeman were both enchanted by Boconnoc, the former by its romantic Civil War associations, the latter by its gardens and deer park and house and church. Countless others have been similarly intrigued. Now that the once ruinous house has been happily restored – a venue for all kinds of events, from book launches to wedding ceremonies and receptions, the gardens open periodically to visitors – it presents a more welcoming and public face to the world at large. But it retains its almost elusive atmosphere, deep in its insular position in one of the least known parts of Cornwall.

In this fine study, Catherine Lorigan sheds much light on this remarkable and hitherto often shadowy estate, encouraging us to get to know it better, and allowing us to understand its place in the wider history of Cornwall. Already well known for her Delabole: The History of the Slate Quarry and the Making of its Village Community, published in 2007 and based on her PhD thesis completed at the Institute of Cornish Studies, Catherine Lorigan is an accomplished local historian. In this book she demonstrates once more her great ability to hunt down key but often obscure documentary sources in all manner of archives and libraries, skilfully weaving her material together in a grand narrative that tells the story of Boconnoc in gripping detail. Her first five chapters present that story as a chronology, and in the final five she adopts a thematic approach, alighting on especially significant aspects of Boconnoc’s past. We learn of the earliest traces of human activity in the locality, in the Bronze Age, and of the emergence of Boconnoc as a landed estate by the medieval period (it is mentioned in Domesday), entwined as it was in the fortunes of well-known Cornish and West Country families such as the Carminows, Courtenays and Mohuns. Less familiar among those medieval owners of Boconnoc is the wonderfully named Halnath Mauleverer, who acquired the estate in 1484 as a reward for his services to Richard III.

The Civil War, including the nearby Battle of Braddock Down, is covered here in vivid and illuminating detail, one of those moments when Boconnoc played a pivotal role in the history of Cornwall. Later, the estate was owned variously by Pitts, Grenvilles and Fortescues. As Catherine Lorigan explains, the house we see today was largely rebuilt by the influential Pitt family in the eighteenth century. By the mid-twentieth century, alas, it had fallen badly into decay, leading to the demolition of the unstable south-west wing in 1972. Yet there were brighter days ahead, and in 1996 the estate was taken over by Anthony and Elizabeth Fortescue, who together undertook the house’s restoration – indeed, transformation – from 2001. All this Catherine Lorigan tells with insight and sympathy, her narrative encompassing not only house and church and gardens but also the estate’s interests in the agricultural and mineral industries – including copper, tin, china clay and slate – and broader subjects such as emigration. Here again are themes that typify Cornish history. They lead Catherine to ponder whether Boconnoc should be considered an exemplar of Cornwall’s story. Wisely, perhaps, she answers ‘yes’ and ‘no’. But maybe it is best left to the reader to judge, as he or she becomes engrossed in this fascinating and extremely well crafted book.

Professor Philip Payton, Flinders University, Australia

INTRODUCTION

‘Boconnoc – it is the paradise of Cornwall.’

(BL: Add MS 69314, Hamoze, 19 September 1799, James Wallis to Lady Camelford, ff. 103–104)

This book has taken a long time to write, largely due to the enormous amount of information that came to light during the course of my research. The documents were held in a large number of archival repositories. The Fortescue archives held in the Cornwall and Devon Record Offices, the Phillimore papers in the Hampshire Record Office, the Dropmore papers in the British Library and the Pitt papers in The National Archives, necessitated many hours of reading and transcribing.

Two consequences became apparent when I realised the sheer volume of documentation that was involved and that the written records spanned the period from Domesday in the eleventh century to the present: first, that I would swiftly have to become an expert in every period of Cornish and English history to be in a position to put Boconnoc into its historical context. This initially seemed to be a daunting and challenging task, revising a number of topics that I had not studied for many years. In the end, it was a delight, for one week I was in the midst of the English Civil War, the next reading about the penalties imposed on tenants of the estate by the manorial courts in the fifteenth century and then with the Fortescue children growing up at Boconnoc in the nineteenth century. Where possible, I have allowed the people who have been part of the history of Boconnoc to speak for themselves, using their own words.

Second, it became clear that I could not write everything about everything. Some readers may therefore find that a subject in which they are particularly interested is only dealt with in a short paragraph or a sentence in passing or not at all. The history of Boconnoc had so many interesting aspects that there was no alternative but to synthesise and précis.

I also wanted to consider how far Boconnoc could be described as an exemplar of Cornish history. Is it a prism through which Cornwall can be viewed? Does it epitomise Cornwall over the centuries? The answer is, of course, yes and no. Yes, because the Carminows and Courtenays contributed to the unrest that epitomised the Cornish gentry in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, Lord Mohun supported the Royalist cause during the English Civil War, as did the rest of Cornwall, and many of the owners played leading roles in local government in the nineteenth century. In other ways, no, it did not – there was little engagement with Methodism or other forms of religious dissent, minimal interest in maritime activities (except for boating on the River Fowey) and in contrast with the enormous levels of emigration that took place from the west of the county in the nineteenth century, there was minimal movement of people from the Boconnoc estate.

All these topics and more will be discussed in the course of this book, which is divided into two parts, the first five chapters being chronological and the second five, thematic.

Catherine Lorigan July 2017

CHAPTER 1

THE EARLY HISTORY OF BOCONNOC:DOMESDAY BOOK, DE CANCIAS, CARMINOWS AND COURTENAYS

‘Cornwall: Not only the ends of the earth, but the very ends of the ends thereof …’

(Bishop Grandisson to his friends in Avignon, 1327, Grandisson Register, I, 97–98)

THE BRONZE AGE

The period known as the Neolithic, dating from six to four thousand years ago, was an era when the population started to clear woodland and to domesticate animals. However, in Cornwall, the prehistoric features that survive are primarily monuments and tombs, rather than farms and field systems. Bronze Age cultures first appeared in this area around 2,000 BC and five hundred years later, farming settlements were becoming established. The first farms, with round houses constructed of stone and thatch, were mainly on the upland areas of Bodmin Moor, West Penwith and the Lizard.1

Boconnoc is situated in south-east Cornwall, between Lostwithiel and Liskeard (see map on page 12). To date, no evidence has been found of any prehistoric settlement on the estate, although archaeological remains may have been lost through ploughing or excavations carried out by antiquaries in the nineteenth century. A Bronze Age barrow – a place for burial and ritual – and flint flakes have been found on Obelisk Hill in the Pineaster Plantation. In another barrow, opened in 1862, a pit was discovered containing a small piece of very coarse pottery and some iron or bone. Further barrows have been found to the east and in Clowne Plantation and the names Buckabarrow Plantation and Downs may suggest the presence of barrows as yet undiscovered. Although none of the known sites have been subjected to any modern archaeological techniques, they demonstrate that there was human activity at Boconnoc many millennia ago.2

BOCONNOC IN DOMESDAY BOOK – 1086

Following the victory of William the Conqueror in 1066, a new feudal system was imposed whereby a vassal or peasant was granted land by an overlord in return for the performance of various services, sometimes military. Society after the Conquest was structured around these relationships. In 1085, as recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, ‘the King had deep speech with his counsellors … and sent his men all over England to each shire commissioning them to find out how many hundreds of hides were in the shire … what or how much each landholder held … in land and livestock, and what it was worth’. Domesday Book is thus a survey describing the landholdings and resources of late eleventh-century England, listing the value before the Conquest, at the time of the Conquest and in 1086, providing the basis for a nationwide tax assessment.

The majority of the landowners listed in Domesday had fought with William at the Battle of Hastings, after which there had been a mass redistribution of resources, his followers being rewarded with land that had previously been owned by the English nobility. Some who had held property prior to the Conquest were allowed to retain their estates.

Boconnoc is listed as Bochenod, the dwelling of Conec or Konec. Prior to the Conquest, it was held by Osferth, a Saxon. Unlike many other estates in Cornwall, where the land was granted to William’s Norman followers, Osferth was allowed to retain control of Boconnoc and of six other estates that he already held, under the tenant-in-chief, the Count of Mortain, William the Conqueror’s half-brother. Osferth was also granted three additional estates after the Conquest and was a substantial landowner in the area.

The Domesday entry for Boconnoc shows that ‘Osferth holds Boconnoc’. He also held it before 1066, and paid tax for 1 virgate of land; ½ hide there, however. Land for eight ploughs; one plough there; two villagers, six smallholders and one slave; Woodland, 100 acres; pasture, 40 acres. Formerly 40s; value now (in 1086) 10s; livestock, two unbroken mares; two cattle, twenty sheep; seven goats.3 The value of the property had thus decreased following the Conquest.

THE EARLY MEDIEVAL PERIOD

Documentary evidence for Boconnoc in the early medieval period is sparse. Only two references have been found, both dating from the early thirteenth century. The first is in the Pleas before the King or his Justices held in 1201 at Launceston, relating to a case of novel disseisin. This was a type of medieval court action, providing a swift method for the recovery of land where the occupier (who was not necessarily the rightful owner) had been ejected. In this case, it was alleged that Robert Moderet had unjustly disseised Meliora, daughter of Thomas, of her free tenement in Boconnoc. The jury found for Meliora and ordered that Robert should pay damages of half a mark – that is, 6s 8d.4

The second reference is in the returns of an inquisition of 1212, which gives a list of knight’s fees across the country in the Red Book of the Exchequer, where ‘Ricardus de Bokenet’ held ‘j militem in Bokenet’ – 1 knight’s fee in Boconnoc of the Honour of Ongar in Essex, the principal holding of Richard de Lucy, appointed Chief Justiciar of England by Henry II, whose Cornish lands were held of the Honour of Ongar.5

THE DE CANCIA FAMILY

Thomas de Cancia

Although it is not known how he obtained the property, by 1266 Thomas de Cancia had become the owner of the Boconnoc estate. The patronage of the church was also in his hands so that he was responsible for appointing the clergyman for the parish. However, in 1269, Thomas de Cancia was excommunicated by Walter Bronescombe, Bishop of Exeter, after de Cancia ‘ruined the Bishop’s park’. Ultimately, he had to make his peace with the bishop as is detailed more fully in Chapter 8.

De Cancia was involved in several cases that were brought before the assize – the court – in which it was alleged that he had disseised various people from their free tenements. In 1289, an assize was granted to enquire if Thomas de Cancia and others had disseized Odo de Treures and Roesia, his wife, of their free tenement in Bosvoilgomneyl juxta Derwydel, when the verdict was given for Thomas.6 In the following year, a further case involving Thomas de Cancia was heard at the assize on 5 October. This enquired whether de Kent (de Cancia) and others had unjustly disseised Robert de Trefret of his free tenement ‘in the Ford next to Bockunet’. Thomas de Kent appeared before the court and argued that Robert had never been seised of the tenement and therefore could not be disseised. The jury found for Thomas and placed Robert ‘in mercy’, giving him a financial penalty, an amercement, at the ‘mercy’ of the king or his justices for making a false claim.7

De Cancia died in 1299 and was buried at Bodmin. William of Worcester gives the names of illustrious personages whose obits were kept in the church, including ‘1299 obit dominus Thomas de Cancia die 12 Januarij.’

THE DE CARMINOW FAMILY

Sir John de Carminow (d. 1331)

It is not known who inherited the Boconnoc estate after the death of Thomas de Cancia in 1299, but by 1317, John de Carminow was in possession, at which date he was given ‘free warren in Buccucnok, Glyn, Penpont, Resker, Disart and Tregostentyn, county Cornwall’. Free warren was granted to the owner of an estate and conveyed the sole right to hunt game, including hares and rabbits, on his own land.8

John de Carminow married Johanna or Joan, daughter and heiress of Sir John Glyn. They had four sons and one daughter and John’s eldest son, Walter, was his heir.9

The de Carminow Family

Sir John de Carminow and local administration

John de Carminow was enrolled in the military in 1323, made a knight in 1324 and as he held lands to the value of £40 per annum, he was summoned by general proclamation to attend the Great Councils at Westminster.

From the fourteenth century, commissions, composed of members of the local gentry, were appointed by the monarch and were given authority to control defence and criminal affairs and to enforce regulations that emanated from central government.10 John de Carminow was one of those who was appointed by the Crown.

In 1330, he and William de Bello Campo were directed to enquire into a complaint made by Danesius de Acculeo and his associates of Leura, merchants of France. A vessel called The Ship of St Peter in Poitou, laden with a cargo of wine and other goods, had been driven ashore in Cornwall when local men had arrested the merchants and carried away the cargo. The king of France demanded redress and de Carminow and de Bello Campo were ordered to find out where the goods were, to recover what they could and to award damages to the merchants for those goods which were untraceable.

In contrast, members of the gentry who had allegedly committed a crime could also be placed under investigation. On 8 February 1318, a commission of oyer and terminer (a commission to ‘hear and determine’) was given to three men to investigate the complaint of John and Peter Domynges, merchants of Portugal, against John de Carminow and others. On a voyage to Flanders, a ship with a cargo of wine and other goods, on account of contrary winds, had had to anchor at Padstow. While there, the cables parted and the ship was cast ashore. The cargo was carried from the vessel onto the land by the Domynges. They argued that their goods, which had been recovered by their own efforts and not thrown onto the shore by the waves, should not be adjudged as ‘wreck of the sea’ which would, under common law, mean that the cargo would become the property of the Crown. A number of men, including John de Carminow, were convicted of removing the goods and fined for taking salvage of the ship.11

Keeper of the king’s forests and parks

On 27 April 1331, John de Carminow was appointed Keeper of Trematon and Restormel castles and was made ‘keeper of the king’s forests, parks, woods and warrens as well as of vert [that is, everything that grows and bears a green leaf within the forest and the right or privilege of cutting growing wood] and of venison and of the King’s game in the county of Cornwall’. The appointment was renewed on 12 October in the same year. As part of his commission, Carminow had to answer, on an annual basis, for the profits of pannage (the right to graze domestic pigs in a wood or forest) and herbage (pasturing cattle) within the forests, parks and woods owned by the king and had to appoint sub-keepers to assist him.12

The death of John de Carminow

John de Carminow only lived a short time after his appointment as Keeper of the King’s forests. He died in October or November 1331. The escheator, the local official who had the responsibility for upholding the Crown’s rights as feudal overlord, held an Inquisition Post Mortem (IPM) and thereafter an order was sent that he should take into his hands ‘lands late of John de Carmynou, deceased, tenant-in-chief’. John’s son and heir, Walter, being a minor at the date of his father’s death, was made a ward of John of Eltham, 1st Earl of Cornwall (1316–36), the second son of Edward II of England and younger brother of Edward III.13

Walter de Carminow (c.?1320 – c.1361)

In 1333, Earl John transferred to Joan ‘late the wife of John Carmynou’ custody of her son and in addition, the Manor of Tamerton. Walter de Carminow’s date of birth and his exact age at his father’s death are unknown, but he witnessed a document on 4 May 1341, which suggests he had reached his majority by that date.14 Sometime around the year 1340, he married Alice, daughter and heiress of Stephen de Tynten and through his marriage was granted the manor of Tynten. Walter and Alice had two sons, Ralph and William.

The Hundred Years’ War – Walter de Carminow at the Battle of Crécy, 26 August 1346

The Hundred Years’ War, a series of conflicts between 1337 and 1453, was fought mainly between England and France. After the death of the French monarch, Charles IV ‘the Fair’, in 1328, leaving no surviving male heir, the English King Edward III claimed the throne of France. Salic Law forbade inheritance by a woman, although not inheritance through the female line and Edward could thus claim the throne of France through his mother, Isabella, daughter of Philip IV and sister of Charles IV. A French court rejected Edward’s claim and ruled that Charles’s closest male relative was his first cousin, Philip, Count of Valois, who was crowned as Philip VI. In 1340, Edward declared himself king of France and deciding to pursue what he considered to be his entitlement by military means, he began to raise an army.

As part of the retinue of William de Bohun, Earl of Northampton, Walter de Carminow made the Channel crossing on 11 July 1346. On the battlefield at Crécy, the English king drew up his army into three divisions. The vanguard on the right was commanded by Edward, Prince of Wales, the ‘Black Prince’; that on the left was commanded by William de Bohun, supported by the Earl of Arundel. The third was commanded by the king himself. William de Bohun’s force consisted of one earl, two baronets, forty-six knights, 112 esquires and 141 mounted archers, a total of 302 men.15 During the battle, the forces, under the command of Philip VI, flew the sacred banner of the French, the Oriflamme, which indicated that no quarter would be given and no surrender accepted. Any English soldier who was captured would be executed. To the enduring shame of the French, the Oriflamme was captured by the English who prevailed in the battle. Philip abandoned the field and fled.

Walter de Carminow’s service in France was lengthy, for he was still there on 3 August 1347. At that date ‘Walter de Carmynou, knight’ was granted letters of protection as a member of de Bohun’s retinue. These letters, granted to an individual who was overseas in the service of the Crown, prevented him from being prosecuted in the king’s courts at home during his absence. The holder of the letters also had the right to appoint legal representatives in England by a Power of Attorney.16

Walter died in 1361 and since his son, Ralph, was still a minor, Sir John de Montacute, knight, held the wardship of the heir until he came of age.

Ralph de Carminow (c. 1339–86)

Ralph was born c. 1339. He married twice: first, to Katherine Wodeland (widow of Sir Walter Wodeland of Cockington, Devon) and daughter of Sir William Champernoun and second, by 1383, to Alice, widow of John FitzRoger. Ralph must have been of age by February 1360 for, at that date, he was able to grant away a manor in Bedfordshire. Two years later, Ralph had become the patron of the church at Boconnoc. He was also patron of the parish church at Menheniot and owned property there, at Carminow in Mawgan-in-Meneage and in St Tudy parish.17

The challenge to the validity of Ralph de Carminow’s first marriage

In 1371, during a visit to Cornwall, Thomas de Brantyngham, Bishop of Exeter, adjudged that the marriage of Ralph and his wife Katherine was invalid, because they were descended from a common ancestor and were related by consanguinity, that is, by blood, within the prohibited degrees of kinship imposed by the Church and contrary to the tenets of Canon Law. Ralph and Katherine, when summoned to attend the bishop’s court, produced letters that they had received from the Papal Nuncio, the Pope’s diplomatic representative to England and France, Cardinal Simon Langham of St Sixtus. In the petition that they had presented to Langham at an earlier date, they had declared that they had married ‘to preserve the friendship and agreement of both their parents, relatives and mutual friends, without gaining a dispensation’. As soon as they had realised that a dispensation was necessary, they had sent a request to the Nuncio asking him to regularise their position. Because the Carminows had shown themselves to be living honest lives and ‘had many virtues’, the Cardinal had granted the dispensation, allowing them to remain lawfully married and any children of their union to be deemed legitimate. Accordingly, the Carminows were granted ‘an absolute dismissal from the case in our Court’ by Bishop Brantyngham.18

Judicial and military offices and commissions

Being a member of an influential and important gentry family, Ralph de Carminow was appointed to judicial and military offices and commissions within Cornwall.19 In 1377 and 1380, he was placed on commissions to equip all the men of the county to resist foreign invasion and to cause beacons to be set up that would give notice of the arrival of any enemy.20 In 1381, the year of the Peasants’ Revolt, and in 1382, he was appointed to commissions to put down rebellions.

As well as being instructed to deal with matters that were of national importance, he was appointed to enquire into local affairs. On 14 January 1379, de Carminow, in his capacity as Sheriff of Cornwall (with other Commissioners), was ordered to look into a complaint made by Lewis Gentil and three other Genoese merchants, that their ship had been wrecked, the cargo cast ashore and seized and the owner, merchants and mariners imprisoned. The Commissioners were ordered to ensure that the owner, merchants and mariners were released and the goods restored to their rightful owners, provided that the customs’ dues and the cost of labour to those who had saved their goods were paid. As part of the same commission, de Carminow was instructed to release the owners of two carracks of Genoa, lately moored in front of ‘Falemouth harbor’, who had been unjustly arrested and to send them up to the king and Council at Westminster.21

In the same year, a commission ordered de Carminow to enquire into an allegation made by the Prior of Bodmin that eighteen men had felled his trees and carried away his fish. The following year, de Carminow investigated a similar complaint made by the Bishop of Exeter that men had broken into his park at Porton, had taken fish, deer and game birds and had assaulted the bishop’s servants.22

Cornwall in the reign of Richard II (1377–99): conflict between members of the Cornish gentry

The reign of Richard II was a turbulent period in every part of the country, encompassing the Peasants’ Revolt in 1381, which culminated in the murder of Simon of Sudbury, Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Chancellor of England, by the London mob on Tower Hill on 14 June; the death of Wat Tyler, the leader of the rebels, at the hands of officers loyal to Richard II on 15 June; the conflict between the king and the Lords Appellant in 1387 and the deposition of Richard by his cousin, Henry Bolingbroke, who seized the throne as Henry IV in 1399. The ‘turbulence at the centre of the realm visibly affected the Cornish locality’23 and far from Cornwall and Boconnoc being isolated from what was taking place ‘up-country’, the county also suffered. The unrest contributed to an increasing number of disputes between members of the Cornish gentry, which included the Carminow family. Here Boconnoc exemplified the events that were being replicated across Cornwall.

In the absence of any ruling magnate in Cornwall and its geographical distance from the centre of power in London, the local elite ran the county and its government. The MPs, sheriffs, escheators and other senior office holders were drawn from the leading families such as the Bodrugans, Sergeaux (or Cergeaux) and Carminows. The gentry competed for the offices of local government, which increased their influence and power in the county.24

The holder of any of the offices had ample opportunity to settle old scores with other families with whom they had been or were in conflict, depending on who was holding which position and when. In the 1370s, the offices of Sheriff and Knight of the Shire were held on a number of occasions throughout this period by members of the Sergeaux and Carminow families.

Conflict with the Sergeaux family

Ralph de Carminow was particularly involved in a long-running and violent dispute with the Sergeaux family.25 John Sergeaux and Ralph de Carminow were married respectively to two sisters, Elizabeth and Katherine, daughters of William Champernoun of Tywardreath. A disagreement arose over who had the right of inheritance to William’s lands and property.

John Sergeaux and his brother, Richard (who was Sheriff from 1 October 1375 to 26 October 1376), each made use of the period when they held the office of Sheriff to harass the Carminows.26 Ralph de Carminow and his brother, William, petitioned the king in Council in 1377–78, stating that Ralph and John Sergeaux had inherited the manors of William Champernoun ‘by virtue of marrying his daughters and co-heiresses’. Ralph and William alleged that Sergeaux, with his allies, had come to Ralph’s manor of Boconnoc ‘and beat him and his daughter Alice, carrying away their goods to the value of £200, leaving the said Ralph for dead’. It was further alleged that Sergeaux had entered the manors of William and had removed goods and chattels to the value of £1,000. Ralph and William requested a remedy from the king against the members of the Sergeaux family who had carried out these violent attacks. An order was sent to the justices that they should enquire into the truth as between William de Carminow and John Sergeaux.27

The situation was reversed from November 1378 to November 1379, during Ralph de Carminow’s term as Sheriff, when he took the opportunity to bring indictments alleging treason, rape and other felonies against his rivals.

In February 1381, four lawyers were appointed to a commission of peace to which (unusually) no members of the local gentry were appointed. This may have been an attempt by the central government to bring to an end the lengthy dispute between the two families and thereby to reduce both violence in the county and the increasingly lawless behaviour of the Cornish gentry. Although this action suggests that the king’s ministers in London were aware of what was occurring in Cornwall, attempts to settle the conflict proved unsuccessful. In 1400, John Sergeaux was accused of employing three indicted felons to attack, among others, William de Carminow, Ralph’s brother and heir.28

Conflict with William de Botreaux

In 1380, Ralph de Carminow was in dispute with William de Botreaux (1337–91), an important West Country baron during the reigns of both Edward III (1327–77) and Richard II (1377–99). Botreaux took part in an expedition to Saxony in 1359 and in 1380 was part of the army that was transported to the Iberian Peninsula to support Portugal in a conflict against its Spanish neighbour.

Carminow alleged that on the Wednesday after the feast of St John the Baptist (Wednesday, 27 July 1381), de Botreaux had gathered together eighty traitors who had come ‘with force and arms against the peace to [Ralph] de Carminow’s manor’. They broke and destroyed a door, a stone wall and de Carminow’s park and released twenty of his animals, which they killed and took away to Botelet, near Herodsfoot, one of Botreaux’s manors. In addition, they killed some of Carminow’s servants at his manor of Boconnoc.29

William de Botreaux’s wife, Elizabeth (née Daubnay), proved to the satisfaction of the local justices that, on the relevant dates, her husband had been abroad in the king’s service in Portugal with Edmund, Earl of Cambridge, the king’s uncle. In his absence, he had been wrongly indicted for treason in Cornwall. The indictment was suspended until further orders could be received from the king.

Although de Carminow and de Botreaux had ostensibly been at odds in 1381, three years later, William de Botreaux, William Sergeaux, Ralph de Carminow and others, were instructed to bring thirteen men (including the Ilcombe brothers) before the king and Council who ‘when retained [in 1381] to go beyond the seas in an expedition with the King’s uncle, Edmund, Earl of Cambridge behaved so rebelliously that he could not accomplish the object of his expedition’. Incentives had been offered in 1381 to persuade recruits to join the forces taking part in the overseas campaign and the two Cornish knights, Sir Henry and Sir William Ilcombe, both wanted for rape, had enlisted as a way (they believed) of evading justice. They were both initially pardoned for their crime on 23 October 1382 because of their ‘good service in Portugal’, but the pardons were withdrawn when it was shown that the Ilcombes had taken part in an insurrection against the Earl of Cambridge while he was abroad.30

The death of Ralph de Carminow

Sir Ralph, as MP for the county of Cornwall, was summoned to the Parliaments at Westminster on 26 October 1383, 12 November 1384 and 1 October 1386. Based on family tradition and the Heralds’ Visitation of Cornwall, he delayed his departure for the Parliament due to be opened on 1 October 1386. On 9 October, he went hunting and ‘Raphe was by a brase of greyhounds pulled over a cliff and died.’31

At the date of his death, Ralph de Carminow held not only ten manors and houses at Boconnoc, Mawgan-in-Meneage and St Tudy, but also the advowsons of the churches of Ladock, Boconnoc and Menheniot. He was receiving rents annually amounting to £11 from other properties in Cornwall and he owned three-quarters of the Manor of Ashwater, other land in Devon and the manor of Colway in Dorset.32

William de Carminow (c. 1356–1407)

Having died childless, Ralph’s heir was his brother, William de Carminow, who was married to Margaret (née Kelly). In 1386, the escheator in Devon and Cornwall was ordered to take William’s fealty, to give him full control of the manor of Polroda and to deliver to William any rents taken since Ralph’s death. William was named Lord of Boconnoc and Glynn (spelt in documents variously as Glyn, Glynn and Glynne).

The coat of arms dispute – Scrope v. de Carminow33

Both Scrope and de Carminow called witnesses and produced documents to support the claim that their respective forefathers had been entitled to use the disputed coat of arms. Richard Scrope maintained that it had been used by his family since the Norman Conquest, which was unlikely since the Normans had nothing that could be construed as heraldry. De Carminow put forward an equally improbable claim, that his family had been given the coat of arms by King Arthur, although the original grant had now been lost.

There are two versions of the court’s decision. The first was that Scrope was awarded the right to the coat of arms and de Carminow was ordered to add a further device – a red label gules, that he should add to his coat of arms as a mark of difference. A second version gives joint title to Scrope and Carminow. The former verdict seems more likely, since by ordering de Carminow to use the label gules regularly, this would constitute a sufficient distinction from Scrope’s coat of arms. The case had been settled by 1385.34

The last Carminows at Boconnoc, 1407–42

William de Carminow died on 8 February 1407. His son and heir was John (b. c. 1375–1421), who was married to Alice Dynham. John and Alice’s son, also called John, died in the same year as his father, leaving no children, so his property reverted to his uncle, Thomas (b. c. 1376–1442), brother of his father, John. Thomas, married to Jane (née Hill), died on the Wednesday before Christmas Day in 1442. Having no sons, their daughters, Margaret and Joan or Johanna, were his co-heiresses. Margaret, the elder, aged 20, was married to Hugh Courtenay; Joan or Johanna, aged 15, was married, first to Thomas Carew and then to Halnath Mauleverer. Thomas was thus the last member of the Carminow family to own the Boconnoc estate.35

The Courtenay Family

THE COURTENAY FAMILY

Hugh Courtenay (1421–71)

Sir Hugh Courtenay was the son of Sir Hugh Courtenay of Haccombe and a nephew of the third Earl of Devon. He married Margaret (née de Carminow) and in consequence of the marriage, became the owner of Boconnoc and was known thereafter as Sir Hugh ‘of Boconnoc’.

The illegal activities of Hugh Courtenay

Hugh Courtenay was frequently engaged in illegal activities, particularly relating to acts of piracy around the coast of Cornwall. In November 1449, two ships from Fowey, part owned by Courtenay, sailed into Plymouth Sound and seized a Spanish vessel, despite the fact that the Spaniards were holding a pass which should have guaranteed them safe conduct. The ship was brought into Fowey where its cargo was put up for sale. Many of those who were appointed to commissions to enquire into acts of piracy were themselves receiving part of the stolen cargo or were operating pirate ships in their own right. In consequence, the Crown made minimal efforts to prevent the illegal behaviour, believing it to be a lost cause. Accordingly, Courtenay was able to continue sending vessels to sea unimpeded and ‘manned with men of war well harnessed and arrayed’.

The pirates did not limit their attacks to foreign vessels. In February 1460, a commission was given to John Arundell, John Salter and the Sheriff of Cornwall to enquire into a complaint by fifteen merchants of Bristol. The merchants claimed that a ship called le Marie of Dansk alias Durdright (Dordrecht), master Herman Taillour, had been laden at Bordeaux with wine, wood, iron, saffron and other goods. The merchandise was due to be delivered to Bristol, but the ship was captured at ‘Sylly’ by pirates in two ships, one of them being le Petre Courtenay, owner Hugh Courtenay. The le Marie was taken to Fowey where the cargo sold for £2,713.13s.4d. Commissioners were ordered to discover into whose hands the ship and cargo had fallen and ‘to arrest and restore the same or the value thereof, committing to prison such as refuse to make restitution’.36

A similar complaint was received in 1461 from le Margarete of Brittany. On 10 September, an inquisition held at Fowey learned that le Margarete had been captured at sea on 27 March by le Petre Courtenay, the carvel owned by Hugh Courtenay, master William Webbe. She, like other ships captured by Courtenay’s crews, was brought into Fowey, the cargo sold and the sailors thrown into prison. On 9 March 1465, an order was given to arrest Sir Hugh, but the warrant seems never to have been executed, since it was renewed in June of the same year.37 Courtenay was involved in piracy yet again in 1462 when the Edward of Polruan and the Macrell of Fowey captured and plundered the St Anthony & St Thomas, a Spanish galley, and removed merchandise to the value of £12,000.38

The Wars of the Roses – Lancaster v. York

The Wars of the Roses were a series of battles and conflicts in the fifteenth century, fought between the two rival royal houses of Lancaster and York, who were both attempting to seize and retain control of the English throne. The crown was held alternately by the Lancastrian, Henry VI, who reigned from 1422 to 1461 and then from 1470 to 1471 and his Yorkist protagonist, Edward IV, who reigned from 1461 to 1470 and from 1471 to 1483.

No battles were fought on Cornish soil that can be directly attributed to the Lancaster/York civil war, but the hatred between the Lancastrian Courtenay Earls of Devon and the Yorkist Sir William Bonville, 1st Baron Bonville, both major land owners in the West Country, led to bitter internecine warfare and slaughter during the same period, in which Sir Hugh Courtenay of Boconnoc was deeply involved. Bonville and the sheriffs of Devon and Cornwall were engaged to meet in Exeter in April 1455. Thomas Courtenay, 5th Earl of Devon, and Sir Hugh led their armed retainers into the city where they disrupted the meeting and attempted to ambush Bonville. In October of the same year, Courtenay and Sir Hugh attacked Nicholas Radford, the Recorder of Exeter at his manor of Upcott, when Radford was murdered by six of the earl’s troops.

When the Courtenays subsequently laid siege to Powderham Castle, residence of their distant cousin, Philip Courtenay, the Bonvilles came to Philip’s assistance and the two private armies engaged each other in a pitched battle at Clyst Heath. A sortie was then led by Thomas Carrewe to attack Bonville’s manor at Shute which they pillaged, stealing animals and ransacking the house. This breakdown of law and order has been attributed to the lack of strong government during the reign of the frequently mentally incapacitated Henry VI.

In April 1457, a pardon was granted to Thomas Courtenay, Earl of Devon, Hugh Courtenay, knight and Thomas Carrewe esquire, for any felony or murder relating to the death of Nicholas Radford.

Although the Courtenays were always strongly Lancastrian in sympathy, during the first ten years of the reign of the Yorkist Edward IV, Hugh Courtenay was sufficiently trusted to be appointed to serve in local administration. In May 1462, he was a member of a commission to array and victual ships in the port of Fowey for the king’s fleet to fight against his enemies and the following year, he was commissioned to carry out an Inquisition Post Mortem. Ironically, given his past history, in 1469, Courtenay was named as a Commissioner to investigate a complaint of piracy on Breton merchants by a ship based at Fowey.39

The Battle of Tewkesbury – 4 May 1471

When Margaret of Anjou, wife of Henry VI, landed in England in March 1471, Hugh Courtenay returned to his Lancastrian allegiance and joined her forces at Exeter. Denounced as a traitor by the Yorkists, Courtenay fought for Henry VI at the Battle of Tewkesbury, where he was captured and later executed. Not only did Sir Hugh perish at Tewkesbury, but the last earl of the senior Courtenay line was also killed and Sir Hugh’s son, Edward, became the male heir to the Earldom of Devon. No Inquisition Post Mortem was taken since Courtenay’s lands were sequestrated by the Crown.40 Edward IV reigned, in relative peace, for the next twelve years.

Edward Courtenay (d. 1509)

The dispute with Halnath Mauleverer

After the execution of Hugh Courtenay in 1471, his son Edward and Halnath Mauleverer became locked in a dispute about the inheritance to the Carminow lands. Mauleverer’s wife, Johanna or Joan (née de Carminow) was the sister of Edward Courtenay’s mother, Margaret. In 1476, an arbitration was made between Courtenay and Mauleverer which adjudged that Hugh and Margaret Courtenay were to have nine manors in Cornwall, including Boconnoc, together with the advowsons of the churches of Boconnoc and Broadoak (spelt variously as Broadoak, Bradoc or Braddock).41

Halnath and Johanna Mauleverer were to hold the manors of Ashwater, Loffyngcot and Beauworthy in Devon, the advowsons of the churches of Ashwater and Loffyngcot, other land in Devon and a number of tenements in Cornwall. Since their property was primarily situated east of the Tamar, the Mauleverers moved and settled in Devon.42

Edward Courtenay, Edward IV and Richard III

Hugh Courtenay, executed in 1471, left two sons and four daughters. Edward IV did not seek vengeance against the heirs of those who had fought for the Lancastrian cause and on 27 August 1472, Sir Hugh’s goods and lands were granted to the executors of his will so that his wishes could be honoured. On 6 September, Edward, his son and heir, ‘late of Bokenok, co. Cornwall’, was granted a pardon by Edward IV.43 Thereafter, men who (ostensibly) accepted Yorkist rule were given responsibility within local government, even in matters that could affect the security of the country, and between 1472 and 1477, Edward Courtenay was appointed to serve on several local commissions.44

In 1483, acting as regent for his nephew, now Edward V, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, summoned Courtenay to attend Edward’s coronation, but the child king was never crowned because Gloucester seized the throne to reign as Richard III. Outwardly at least, Edward Courtenay appeared content to continue to live under the rule of another Yorkist king, but in October 1483, he joined the rebellion against Richard III led by Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham. Buckingham was married to Catherine Woodville, sister of Elizabeth Woodville, Edward IV’s queen. He had helped Richard succeed to the throne, but thereafter had become disaffected and changed allegiance to support Henry Tudor, the surviving Lancastrian heir. Buckingham’s rebellion failed and on 2 November 1483, he was executed for treason.

Sir John Scrope of Bolton, Edward Redmayne, Halvatheus Mallyvery (Halnath Mauleverer) and Peter Seyntaubyn were assigned by Richard III to enquire into various treasons and wrongdoings in the West Country. The presentment from the king alleged that Peter, Bishop of Exeter, (Edward) Courtenay of Boconnoc, John Trefry of Fowey with other unknown persons, on 3 November 1483 ‘with other traitors lately mustered for rebellion and war’, had gathered at Bodmin with the intention of overthrowing Richard III and placing another (unspecified) king on the throne.45 Before he could be detained, Courtenay escaped to the Continent where he joined Henry Tudor.

Halnath Mauleverer is granted Boconnoc

In the 1470s, Mauleverer had been appointed to a number of commissions. Together with George, Duke of Clarence, the king’s brother, Richard, Earl of Warwick and Salisbury and others, he was ordered in 1470 to enquire into ‘all felonies, murders, homicides and other offences, in the county of Cornwall and to arrest and imprison the offenders’. Unlike Courtenay, Mauleverer maintained his allegiance to Richard III. On 1 December 1484, as a reward for his good service against the Lancastrian rebels, he was granted the manors of ‘Beconnek, of the yearly value of 38l.6s, Glyn, of the yearly value of 15l.8s.8d, and Brodak, of the yearly value of 13l.3s., late of Edward Courtenay, rebel’. In the same month, Mauleverer was appointed to commissions of array for Devon and Cornwall and on 17 December a grant for life was given to ‘the king’s servant Halnath Malyverer, one of the esquires of the body of the office of constable of the castle of Launceseton alias Dunheved, Co. Cornwall, with the accustomed fees from the issues of the castle’.46

On 22 August 1485, Mauleverer and his brothers, Thomas and Robert, fought with Richard III at Bosworth when Richard’s forces were defeated by the army of Henry Tudor. ‘Mauleverer alias late of Aysshewater, co. Devon, alias late of Boconnok, co. Cornwall’ was granted a pardon by Henry VII on 24 November 1485.47