The Illustrated Letters and Diaries of the Pre-Raphaelites E-Book

Jan Marsh

• Herausgeber: Batsford
• Kategorie: Sachliteratur, Reportagen, Biografien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 206

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2023

Beschreibung

The story of how a group of precocious young artists shook up the British art establishment, told through their works, letters and diaries.  An illustrated history of the linked lives and loves of a group of supremely talented artists of late Victorian Britain through their passionate writings. It features the painters, poets, critics and designers: Ford Madox Brown, Edward Burne-Jones, Fanny Cornforth, William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais, William and Janey Morris, Christina, Dante Gabriel, and William Rossetti, John Ruskin, William Bell Scott and Lizzie Siddal. The artistic aspirations and achievements of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood are revealed alongside the interwoven dramas of their personal lives, in letters, diaries and reminiscences, while their genius is displayed in vivid paintings, drawings, designs and poems.  The Pre-Raphaelites was a charmed circles of love, friendship and art. Within an ever-changing flow of affections, and intimacies as richly patterned as a tapestry, they worked together as companions, lovers and partners. They shared tragedy as well as happiness, critical hostility as well as success, even the griefs of infidelity and discord.  These creative partnerships, which also created the firm William Morris and Co, revitalised Victorian art and design.  The new edition publishes in time for the start of the Burne Jones Exhibition at Tate Britain, starting in October 18. It is a vital book in understanding the Pre-Raphaelite art, which remains as popular and moving as ever. 

Leseprobe

CONTENTS

Introduction

THE P.R.B.

UNDER ATTACK

EFFIE

MODERN LIFE AND LOVE

HUNT IN THE HOLY LAND

JOVIAL FRIENDS

THE FIRM

VENUS DISCORDIA

The Pre-Raphaelite Circle

In the Footsteps of the Pre-Raphaelites

Index

Acknowledgements

INTRODUCTION

PRE-RAPHAELITE PAINTINGS are rich in colour and atmosphere, full of dramatic or chivalrous action, or infused with intense, enigmatic emotion. They seem to relate to a long-lost world of beauty and romance; yet the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood was one of the first modern movements in British art – a true avant-garde.

Our English Coasts (1852) by William Holman Hunt, painted on the Sussex cliffs near Fairlight. Ruskin praised the picture for its ‘absolutely faithful balances of colour and shade’ in sunshine and shadow.

Look around at our exhibitions, and behold the ‘cattle pieces’, and ‘sea pieces’, and ‘fruit pieces’, and ‘family pieces’; the eternal brown cows in ditches, and white sails in squalls, and sliced lemons in saucers, and foolish faces in simpers; – and try to feel what we are and what we might have been.

Thus wrote John Ruskin, at the start of his defence of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, describing the debased state of British painting at the end of the 1840s that resulted from antiquated teaching, lazy adherence to exhausted ideas and imitative practice.

Within a few years the P.R.B., the aims, friendships and artistic achievements of which are revealed in this book through the artists’ own letters, diaries and reminiscences, had revitalized British art, with a new look and idealism.

The Pre-Raphaelites imitate no pictures: they paint from nature only. But they have opposed themselves as a body, to that kind of teaching ... which only began after Raphael’s time ... Therefore they have called themselves Pre-Raphaelites. If they adhere to their principles and paint nature as it is around them, with the help of modern science, with the earnestness of the men of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, they will ... found a new and noble school.

It is a matter of discussion as to whether the Pre-Raphaelites and their followers did adhere to the original principles and ideals of the movement, or whether they deviated from absolute fidelity to nature in favour of a more romanticized art in the Pre-Raphaelite second genera-tion, whose aim, in the words of Edward Burne-Jones, was to paint images of an imagined world:

I mean by a picture a beautiful romantic dream of something that never was, never will be – in a light better than any light that ever shone – in a land no one can define, or remember, only desire.

It is probably true to say that Pre-Raphaelitism evolved, in terms of style, from a meticulous, highly-detailed way of painting to a softer, less sharply-focused manner. Glowing, harmonious colour remained a hallmark, however; so too did imaginative subjects, often based on literature and legend – part of the Victorians’ exploration of their own world through the lens of the past. As Dante Gabriel Rossetti once said:

I do not wrap myself up in my imaginings, it is they that envelop me from the outer world, whether I will or no.

Medieval lady designed by William Morris and used for both embroidery and stained glass. The dress resembles that on the effigy of Philippa of Hainault in Westminster Abbey, a replica of which was worn by Queen Victoria at a costume ball in 1842.

It was a new way of seeing that modulated into imaginings and desire – and in the process produced bright images, delicate drawings, vivid and erotic poems; not forgetting many warm, witty letters with comic caricatures, for the P.R.B. and their friends were full of the joys of life and youth, never pompous or self-important. Their voluminous correspondence – acute, affectionate, romantic and ribald by turns – reflects their lives, interwoven with each other into a bright tapestry.

Pioneering in their day, Pre-Raphaelite pictures now evoke a past world of visual brilliance. And the linked lives and loves of the painters and their partners exert a similar fascination. In their relationships we glimpse a charmed circle that began with the ‘boys of the Brotherhood’ and their ‘Pre-Raphaelite sisters’ and continued in the circle around William Morris and Edward Burne-Jones. Eventually the bright spheres dimmed and faded, but at its best this was a world where deep love and friendship intersected with poetry and painting to produce beautiful images that have lost none of their lustre.

Sir Galahad at the Ruined Chapel (1855), a wood-engraving by Dante Gabriel Rossetti to illustrate Tennyson’s lines: Fair gleams the snowy altar-cloth, The silver vessels sparkle clean, The shrill bells rings, the censer swings, And solemn chaunts resound between.

Chapter One

THE P.R.B.

IT WAS SPRING 1848 – the year of revolutions in Europe. In London, two young men, not long out of art school, went to watch the great Chartist demonstration of working men demanding political rights for all citizens. They were inspired by curiosity, and some sympathy, rather than by militancy, and in the event the marchers were easily dispersed: this was the last such demonstration for twenty years. For despite famine in Ireland and urban squalor elsewhere, the mid-Victorian age brought prosperity and confidence for Britain – a time of economic expansion, global exploration, artistic innovation.

Ophelia (1852) by John Everett Millais, illustrating the lines beginning ‘There is a willow grows aslant a brook’ from Hamlet. Shakespeare was one of the P.R.B’s ‘Immortals’.

The two students were John Everett Millais, then aged nineteen, and William Holman Hunt, aged twenty-one. They were working together in Millais’s studio, anxious to complete their pictures for the prestigious Royal Academy exhibition, as Hunt later recalled:

The date for sending in works came alarmingly near. Millais had progressed more bravely than I, but he had yet more to do, and we agreed that neither of us could finish without working far into, and even all through, the last nights ... On one occasion, becoming fatigued, he suddenly, with boyish whim, conceived a prejudice against the task of painting some drapery about the figures which still had to be done, and entreated me to relieve him. ‘Do, like a dear fellow, work out these folds for me; you shan’t lose time, for I’ll do one of the heads of your revellers for you’... I can to this day distinguish the part he did for me, adapting his handling to my manipulation by precise touch.

Millais was a youthful genius who had exhibited his first painting at the age of sixteen, whereas Hunt had had to make his own way against parental opposition. He was the first to discover Modem Painters, the polemical book by John Ruskin that urged young artists to ‘go to nature in all singleness of heart’ and think for themselves, rather than merely copy the dead art of previous generations. Hunt remembered explaining to Millais:

Portrait of Millais as a young man, by William Henry Hunt. The Millais family were old-established residents of Jersey in the Channel Islands, and ‘Johnny’ an infant prodigy, the youngest-ever student of the Royal Academy Schools.

I have investigated current theories both within art and outside it, and have found many of them absolutely unacceptable. What, you ask, are my scruples? Well, they are nothing less than irreverent, heretical and revolutionary... no young man has the faintest chance of developing his art into a living power, unless he investigates the dogmas of his elders with critical mind and dares to face the idea of revolt from their authority.

Why, he continued:

should the several parts of the composition be always apexed in pyramids? Why should the highest light be always on the principal figure? Why make one corner of the picture always in shade? For what reason is the sky in a daylight picture made as black as night? And this even when seen through the window of a chamber where the strong light comes from no other source than the same sky shining through the opposite window.

Lovers by a Rosebush (1848) inscribed by Millais and presented ‘to his PR brother Dante Gabriel Rossetti’. An early Pre-Raphaelite drawing, the slight stiffness and flattened perspective effectively evoke an atmosphere of medieval romance.

Together, Hunt and Millais also discovered the poetry of John Keats, whose blend of sensuousness and romance fired their imaginations, evoking vivid images. The figures that Millais helped to paint in Hunt’s picture were from the final scene of Keats’s ‘The Eve of St Agnes’, in which the young lovers elope:

The chains lie silent on the footworn stones;

The key turns, and the door upon its hinges groans.

And they are gone: ay, ages long ago

These lovers fled away into the storm ...

‘His nose was aquiline) delicate) with a depression shaping the bridge, the nostrils full, the brow rounded and prominent and the line of the jaw angular,’ wrote Holman Hunt, who made this portrait sketch of Rossetti in the early days of the Brotherhood.

In May 1848 the picture was sent to the Royal Academy. Here it absorbed the attention of the twenty-year-old Dante Gabriel Rossetti. In Hunt’s words:

Rossetti came up to me, repeating with emphasis his praise, and loudly declaring that my picture ... was the best in the collection. Probably the fact that the subject was taken from Keats made him the more unrestrained ...

A few days more, and Rossetti was in my studio.

After a promising start, Rossetti had dropped out of the Royal Academy Schools, bored with the diligent but tedious training. He was enthusiastic about new departures in art, and over the summer a warm and sometimes boisterous friendship with Hunt developed.

‘Dear William,’ wrote Rossetti to his brother on 30 August:

Hunt and I have prepared a list of Immortals forming our creed, and to be pasted up in our study [studio] for the affixing of all decent fellows’ signatures. It has already caused considerable horror among our acquaintance. I suppose we shall have to keep a hair-brush. The list contains four distinct classes of Immortality; in the first of which three stars are attached to each name, in the second two, in the third one, and in the fourth none “. We are also about to transcribe various passages from our poets, together with forcible and correct sentiments, to be stuck up about the walls.

Rossetti’s father was a political refugee from Italy, whose hopes of returning home had been raised and then dashed by the events of 1848. Hunt later painted a vivid word-picture of the Rossetti home:

Rossetti’s pencil portrait of his father, Professor Gabriele Rossetti, dated 28 April 1853, showing him immersed in researches into the writings of Dante Alighieri, after whom the artist was named.

The father arose to receive me from a group of foreigners around the fire, all escaped revolutionaries from the Continent ... The conversation was in Italian, but occasionally merged into French ... The hearth guests took it in turns to discourse, and no one had delivered many phrases ere the excitement of speaking made him rise from his chair, advance to the centre of the group and there gesticulate as I had never seen people do except on the stage ... Each orator evidently found difficulty in expressing his full anger, but when passion had done its measure in work and gesture, so that I as a stranger felt pained at not being able to join in practical sympathy, the declaimer went back to his chair, and while another was taking up the words of mourning and appeal to the too tardy heavens, the predecessor kept up the refrain of sighs and groans. When it was impossible for me to ignore the distress of the alien company, Gabriel and William shrugged their shoulders, the latter with a languid sign of commiseration, saying it was generally so.

Frederic George Stephens, P.R.B., painted by Holman Hunt in 1847. Stephens’s son, usually known as ‘Holly’, was named after Hunt. ‘Golden Holly bears a rose “. to cheer an old friend’s eyes and nose,’ wrote Christina Rossetti with thanks for a gift.

‘It was a novelty to me,’ he went on:

to begin dinner with maccaroni, and there were other dishes and dressings not usual on English tables ... At the conclusion of the meal the brothers and I saw the remainder of the company established at dominoes and chess before the arrival of the other members for the P.R.B. meeting upstairs.

Some time that autumn the three friends looked over some reproductions of modern German art, together with a book of engravings of fourteenth-century frescoes in the Campo Santo in Pisa. As Hunt explained:

It was probably the finding of this book at this special time which caused the establishment of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. Millais, Rossetti and myself were all seeking some sure ground, some starting point for our new art “. As we searched through this book of engravings, we found in them or thought we found, that freedom from corruption, pride and disease for which we sought. Here there was at least no trace of decline, no conventionality, no arrogance ... Think what a revelation it was to find such work at such a moment, and to recognize it with the triple enthusiasm of our three spirits.

‘When we agreed to use the letters P.R.B. as our insignia, we made each member solemnly promise to keep its meaning strictly secret,’ wrote Holman Hunt. This drawing of the brothers was copied from Hunt’s note-book by Arthur Hughes.

With the brio of youth, they dismissed all post-Renaissance art in the tradition of Raphael, and criticized most living painters as deplorably ‘sloshy’ – lazy, conventional, boring. Millais even mocked the renowned founder of the Royal Academy, whose Discourses still formed the basis of its teaching, as Sir ‘Sloshua’ Reynolds.

And so, at an inspired moment no-one could afterwards exactly recall, they hit on the idea of a semi-secret group, with which they aimed to startle the art world. They would exhibit pictures with the mysterious initials ‘P.R.B’ attached to their names. Quickly recruited to make up the mystic number of seven were painters James Collinson and Fred Stephens, sculptor Thomas Woolner and Gabriel’s brother William Rossetti, aspiring art critic.

As soon as the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood was formed, it became among them the focus of boundless companionship, as William recalled:

William Holman Hunt, aged eighteen, by himself, showing his perceived resemblance to William Hogarth, another of the P.R.B. ‘Immortals’, though not an artist whose style they emulated.

We were really like brothers, continually together and confiding to one another all experience bearing on questions of art and literature and many affecting us as individuals. We dropped using the term ‘Esquire’ on letters, and substituted ‘P.R.B.’ ... There were monthly meetings, at the houses and studios of the various members in succession; occasionally a moonlight walk or a night on the Thames. Beyond this, but very few days can have passed when two or more P.R.Bs did not foregather for one purpose or another ... We had our thoughts, our unrestrained converse, our studies, aspirations, and actual doings; and for every P.R.B. to drink a cup of tea or coffee, or a glass or two of beer, in the company of other P.R.Bs, with or without the accompaniment of tobacco “. was a heart-relished luxury “. Those were the days of youth, and each man in the company, even ifhe did not project great things of his own, revelled in poetry or sunned himself in art.

Christina Rossetti, aged sixteen, drawn by her brother Dante Gabriel. This portrait was presented to Christina’s good friend Amelia Heimann. An almost identical version of the same drawing was bound into Christina’s Verses, printed by her grandfather in 1847.

Rossetti’s first painting in the new mode was The Girlhood of Mary Virgin, derived from the traditional depiction of this subject in European art but treated in what he described as a ‘more probable and at the same time less commonplace’ manner. He used his own mother as the model for St Anne, and his younger sister Christina for the Virgin – ‘her appearance being excellently adapted to my purpose’.

Seeing this painting on the easel as Rossetti worked in Hunt’s studio, a visitor noted that ‘this daring. performance of a boy turning what was naturally a lyrical subject into a picture’ was something quite new:

He was painting in oils with water-colour brushes, as thinly as in water-colour, on canvas which he had primed with white till the surface was as smooth as cardboard, and every tint remained transparent. I saw at once too that he was not an orthodox boy, but acting purely from the aesthetic motive: the mixture of genius and dilettanteism of both the men shut me up for the moment, and whetted my curiosity.

The visitor was William Bell Scott, one of the painters schooled in an older tradition who recognized the revolutionary nature of P.R.B. practice. The unusual technique was that of painting transparently on a still-wet ground to make the colours luminous. This was painstaking work, impossible to correct by overpainting without altering the hues.

Another, older painter, who became a close friend and mentor to the group, was Ford Madox Brown, whose picture of Chaucer reading to the Court of Edward III they had already admired. Other, younger painters attracted to the new style included Walter Deverell, Charles Collins and Arthur Hughes.

The boys of the Brotherhood were full of high spirits. ‘Apropos of death Hunt and I are going to get up among our acquaintance a Mutual Suicide Association,’ Gabriel told William, facetiously:

any member, being weary of life, may call at any time upon another to cut his throat for him. It is all of course to be done very quietly, without weeping or gnashing of teeth. I, for instance, am to go in and say, ‘I say, Hunt, just stop painting that head a minute, and cut my throat’; to which he will respond by telling the model to keep the position as he shall be only a moment, and having done his duty, will proceed with the painting.

William Michael Rossetti, drawn by his brother in April 1853 for Thomas Woolner. William Rossetti kept the P.R.B. Journal and edited The Germ. In 1874 he married Lucy, elder daughter of Ford Madox Brown.

Frances Lavinia Rossetti, aged fifty four, by her son. In her own words, Frances Rossetti had ‘a passion for intellect’ and encouraged her children to become distinguished in art and literature.

They did not take themselves too seriously. One evening William wrote to Stephens in verse:

It is now past the hour of 12;

Gabriel’s dozing in his chair.

And so this letter I will shelve

As soon as may be, dear Brother.

Not that I mean to go to bed

Quite yet. I have the P. R. B

Diary to write up instead ...

And yet, dear brother, I confess

Your full-leaved letter would deserve

A better answer. Nevertheless

Take this. And think it but a curve

Of the broad circle wherewith I

Encircle you in P.R.B-

hood. And so truly now, Good bye.

Yours, I to you as you to me.

From May 1849 William was appointed official scribe, charged with keeping a record of P.R.B. achievement and endeavour. There were plans arid dreams. The Brotherhood even went to inspect a house by the Thames at Chelsea, with the idea of establishing a communal residence:

Detail from Ford Madox Brown’s Chaucer, showing Thomas of Woodstock whispering to Lady de Bohun, in front of Philippa and Catharine Roet. The head of Thomas was studied from Walter Deverell and that of Catharine from Emma Hill.

Geoffrey Chaucer Reading to the Court of Edward III, on the Black Prince’s 45th Birthday (1851) by Ford Madox Brown. Gabriel Rossetti, whom Brown thought was ‘the very image’ of Chaucer, sat for the main figure.

TUESDAY 6TH NOVEMBER 1849

It is capable of furnishing 4 good studios, with a bed room and a little room that would do for a library attached to each. There is also an excellent look out on the river. The rent £70. In the evening we all (except Millais) congregated at Woolner’s and discussed the matter. Gabriel, Hunt and myself think of going at once, and Stephens and Collinson would join after April. We think likewise of getting Deverell. ‘P.R.B’ might be written on the bell, and stand for ‘please ring the bell’ to the profane. Woolner being engaged out and his stove refusing to be lighted, we came back to this house, where we finished the talk and the evening, Woolner also coming in soon after ... we spoke of omitting anything at all referring to politics or religion into our magazine.

But the Chelsea house proved too large and too expensive. Four days later Hunt found a smaller studio close to the river, and Rossetti a similar place behind Oxford Street.

SATURDAY 10TH

Gabriel found a studio at no. 72 Newman Street. The rent asked is £30, but he succeeded in bringing it down to £28.

‘Our magazine’ was The Germ, a short-lived but historic publication produced by the P.R.B. and their friends in the early months of 1850. Much debate took place over the title – ‘it is an important matter. There is something in a name’ – and suggestions included ‘The Harbinger’, ‘The Progressist’ and ‘The Seed’. The bold yet tentative subtitle was ‘Thoughts towards Nature in Poetry, Literature and Art’, and for the cover William penned an explanatory sonnet:

When whoso hath a little thought

Will plainly think the thought which is in him

Not imaging another’s bright or dim,

Not mangling with new words what others taught ...

Be not too keen to cry ‘so this is all-

A thing I might myself have thought as well,

But would not say it, for it was not worth!’

Ask: Is this truth?’ For is it still to tell

That, be the theme a point or the whole earth,

Truth is a circle, perfect, great or small?

Unfinished portrait of Christina Rossetti (1857) by John Brett. ‘My heart is like a singing bird Whose nest is in a watered shoot,’ wrote Christina in an unusually joyful poetic mood, ‘Because the birthday of my life is come, My love is come to me.’

The poet Coventry Patmore, author of The Angel in the House, favoured The Germ with a contribution, but the best things in it were written by Christina Rossetti.

Christina was the youngest of the four Rossettis and the most gifted, poetically. Not yet twenty, she was engaged to James Collinson, P.R.B. The Germ carried the ‘Song’ that became one of her most famous lyrics, with its characteristic blend of melancholy and insouciance:

Oh! roses for the flush of youth

And laurel for the perfect prime;

But pluck an ivy branch for me

 Grown old before my time.

Oh! violets for the grave of youth,

And bay for those dead in their prime;

Give me the withered leaves I chose

 Before in the old time.

For The Germ, Gabriel contributed his poem ‘The Blessed Damozel’ and also wrote ‘Hand and Soul’, a story about a thirteenth-century Italian artist named Chiaro dell’Erma, the fictional forebear, as it were, of the P.R.B. Chiaro paints first for worldly fame, and next for unworldly faith; both leave him dissatisfied. Then he has a vision of ‘a fair woman, that was his soul’, who bids him to combine both the human and the divine in his art. The result is a small but exquisite image, outlining in words the Pre-Raphaelite ideal:

Head study for a figure in Isabella by Millais (see here), pmbably drawn from F.G. Stephens. One of the themes of Keats’s poem is true love in defiance of rank, a romantic ideal that inspired several of the Pre-Raphaelites’ own marriages.

Head study for the serving-man in Isabella, thought to be drawn from an art student at the Royal Academy. Absolute fidelity to nature involved finding models whose features matched those of the characters depicted, as in casting a play.

the figure of a woman, clad to the hands and feet with a green and grey raiment, chaste and early in its fashion, but exceedingly simple. She is standing; her hands are held together lightly, and her eyes set earnestly open.

So far the great P.R.B. enterprise had attracted little attention from the public, though the younger generation of artists and writers was already aware of their work.

‘If you can, get a sight of the “Germ”,’ wrote poet Bessie Parkes to the painter Anna Howitt: